Spiropyrrolidine derived antiviral agents

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, thereof: 
                         
which inhibit coronavirus replication activity. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and methods of treating or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/227,206, filed on Jul. 29, 2021. The entire teachings of the above application are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to compounds and methods of inhibiting coronavirus replication activity by contacting the 3C-Like protease (sometimes referred to as “3CLpro”, “Main protease”, or “Mpro”) with a therapeutically effective amount of a 3C-Like protease inhibitor. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the coronavirus 3C-Like protease inhibitor in a mammal by administering effective amounts of such coronavirus 3C-Like protease inhibitor.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Coronaviruses are family of single-stranded, positive-strand RNA viruses with viral envelopes, classified within the Nidovirales order. The coronavirus family comprises pathogens of many animal species, including humans, horses, cattle, pigs, birds, cats and monkeys, and have been known for more than 60 years. The isolation of the prototype murine coronavirus strain JHM, for example, was reported in 1949. Coronaviruses are common viruses that generally cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses in humans and are named for the crown-like spikes on their envelope surface. There are four major sub-groups known as alpha, beta, gamma and delta coronaviruses, with the first coronaviruses identified in the mid-1960s. The coronaviruses known to infect humans include alpha coronaviruses 229E and NL63; and beta coronaviruses OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV (the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS), and MERS-CoV (the coronavirus that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS). People are commonly infected with human coronaviruses 229E, NL63, 0C43 and HKU1, and symptoms usually include mild to moderate upper-respiratory tract illnesses of short duration, such as runny nose, cough, sore throat and fever. Occasionally human coronaviruses result in lower-respiratory tract illnesses, such as pneumonia, although this is more common in people with cardiopulmonary disease or compromised immune systems, or in the elderly. Transmission of the common human coronaviruses is not fully understood. However, it is likely that human coronaviruses spread from an infected person to others through the air by coughing and sneezing, and through close personal contact, such as touching or shaking hands. These viruses may also spread by touching contaminated objects or surfaces then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes.

Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. The genomic RNA of CoVs has a 5′-cap structure and 3′-poly-A tail and contains at least 6 open reading frames (ORFs). The first ORF (ORF 1a/b) directly translates two polyproteins: pp1a and pp1ab. These polyproteins are processed by papain-like proteases and a 3C-Like protease (3CLpro), also known as the main protease (Mpro), into 16 non-structural proteins. These non-structural proteins engage in the production of subgenomic RNAs that encode four structural proteins, namely envelope, membrane, spike, and nucleocapsid proteins, among other accessory proteins. As a result, it is understood that 3C-Like protease has a critical role in the coronavirus life cycle.

3CLpro is a cysteine protease involved in most cleavage events within the precursor polyprotein. Active 3CLpro is a homodimer containing two protomers and features a Cys-His dyad located in between domains I and II. 3CLpro is conserved among coronaviruses and several common features are shared among the substrates of 3CLpro in different coronaviruses. As there is no human homolog of 3CLpro, it is an ideal antiviral target. Although compounds have been reported to inhibit 3CLpro activity, they have not been approved as coronavirus therapies. (Refer to WO 2004101742 A2, US 2005/0143320 A1, US 2006/0014821 A1, US 2009/0137818 A1, WO 2013/049382 A2, WO 2013/166319 A1, WO2018042343, WO2018023054, WO2005113580, and WO2006061714).

More effective therapies for coronavirus infections are needed due to this high unmet clinical need. This invention provides compounds which inhibit the coronavirus lifecycle and methods for preparation and use of these compounds. These compounds are useful for treating or preventing coronavirus infections and decreasing occurrence of disease complications such as organ failure or death.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel antiviral compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, as well as methods to treat or prevent viral (particularly coronavirus) infection in a subject in need of such therapy with said compounds. Compounds of the present invention inhibit the protein(s) encoded by a coronavirus or interfere with the life cycle of a coronavirus and are also useful as antiviral agents. In addition, the present invention provides processes for the preparation of said compounds.

The present invention provides compounds represented by Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters and prodrugs thereof,

wherein: R₁, R₂, R₃, R₂₁, R₂₂, and R₂₃ are each independently selected from:

1) Hydrogen;

2) Optionally substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl;

3) Optionally substituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl;

4) Optionally substituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl;

5) Optionally substituted —C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl;

6) Optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl;

7) Optionally substituted aryl;

8) Optionally substituted arylalkyl;

9) Optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

10) Optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;

alternatively, R₁ and R₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered carbocyclic ring or an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring.

alternatively, R₁ and R₃ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring.

alternatively, R₂₁ and R₃ are taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring or an optionally substituted 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl ring.

alternatively, R₂₁ and R₂₂ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered carbocyclic ring or an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring.

R₂₄ is selected from:

1) —C(O)R₂₅;

2) —C(O)OR₂₅;

3) —C(O)NR₁₃R₁₄;

4) —S(O)₂R₂₅;

5) Hydrogen;

6) Optionally substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl;

7) Optionally substituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl;

8) Optionally substituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl;

9) Optionally substituted —C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl;

10) Optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl;

11) Optionally substituted aryl;

12) Optionally substituted arylalkyl;

13) Optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

14) Optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;

alternatively, R₂₃ and R₂₄ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3- to 12-membered heterocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl ring;

R₂₅ is selected from:

1) Optionally substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl;

2) Optionally substituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl;

3) Optionally substituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl;

4) Optionally substituted —C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl;

5) Optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl;

6) Optionally substituted aryl;

7) Optionally substituted arylalkyl;

8) Optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

9) Optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;

R₄ is hydrogen, optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl, optionally substituted —C₂-C₄ alkenyl, or optionally substituted —C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl;

B is an optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

X is selected from:

1) —CN;

2) —C(O)R₁₅;

3) —CH(OH)SO₃R₁₆;

4) —C(O)NR₁₃R₁₄; and

5) —C(O)C(O)NR₁₃R₁₄;

R₁₃ and R₁₄ each independently selected from:

1) Hydrogen;

2) Optionally substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl;

3) Optionally substituted —C₂-C₈ alkenyl;

4) Optionally substituted —C₂-C₈ alkynyl;

5) Optionally substituted —C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl;

6) Optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl;

7) Optionally substituted aryl;

8) Optionally substituted arylalkyl;

9) Optionally substituted heteroaryl; and

10) Optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl;

alternatively, R₁₃ and R₁₄ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring;

R₁₅ is hydrogen, hydroxy, or optionally substituted —C₁-C₈ alkyl; and

R₁₆ is hydrogen or Na⁺.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment of the present invention is a compound of Formula (I) as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by Formula (I-A) or Formula (I-B), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein B, X, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄ are as previously defined.

In a preferred embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) has the stereochemistry shown in Formula (I-A).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein B, X, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄ are as previously defined.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by Formula (II-A) or Formula (II-B), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein B, X, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₁ is hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₆ alkyl; optionally substituted —C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted arylalkyl; or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl.

In certain embodiments, R₁ is —C₁-C₆-alkyl, preferably branched —C₃-C₆-alkyl, such as isobutyl or neopentyl. In certain embodiments, R₁ is optionally substituted benzyl.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I) R₂ is hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl; optionally substituted —C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted arylalkyl; or optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl. In certain embodiments, R₂ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I) R₃ is hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl; R₄ is hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₃ is hydrogen, -Me, -Et, —Pr, -i-Pr, -allyl, —CF₃, —CD₃ or cyclopropyl.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₄ is hydrogen, -Me, -Et, —Pr, -i-Pr, -allyl, —CF₃ or cyclopropyl.

In certain embodiments, R₃ and R₄ are each independently hydrogen or methyl.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), X is —CN.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), X is —C(O)H.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), X is —C(O)CH₂OH, —C(O)CH₂Cl or —C(O)CH₂F.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), X is —C(O)C(O)NR₁₃R₁₄, wherein R₁₃ and R₁₄ are previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₂₁ is hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl; optionally substituted —C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted heteroaryl; optionally substituted arylalkyl; optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl. In certain embodiments, R₂₁ is optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted benzyl, optionally substituted methyl, t-butyl, isopropyl, neopentyl,

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₂₂ is hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl; optionally substituted —C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted heteroaryl; optionally substituted arylalkyl; optionally substituted heteroarylalkyl. In certain embodiments, R₂₂ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₂₃ is hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl. In certain embodiments R₂₃ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₂₄ is —C(O)R₂₅, —C(O)OR₂₅, or —C(O)NR₁₃R₁₄, wherein R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₂₅ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₂ is hydrogen, R₃ is hydrogen, R₄ is hydrogen, and R₂₂ is hydrogen.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₄ is hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl, such as methyl; R₂₃ is hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl, such as methyl; and R₂₄ is —C(O)R₂₅, —C(O)OR₂₅, or —C(O)NR₁₃R₁₄, wherein R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₂₅ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₂ is hydrogen, R₃ and R₄ are independently hydrogen or optionally substituted —C₁-C₄ alkyl, such as methyl; R₂₃ is hydrogen, and R₂₄ is —C(O)R₂₅, —C(O)OR₂₅, or —C(O)NR₁₃R₁₄, wherein R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₂₅ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₂₄ is —C(O)R₂₅; C(O)OR₂₅; or —S(O)₂R₂₅; and R₂₅ is selected from the following groups by removal of a hydrogen atom, and R₂₅ is optionally substituted:

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R₂₄ is —C(O)R₂₅; C(O)OR₂₅; or —S(O)₂R₂₅; and R₂₅ is selected from the following groups, and R₂₅ is optionally substituted:

preferably the substituents are independently selected from halogen, CN, NH₂, optionally substituted —C₁-C₃ alkoxy, optionally substituted —C₁-C₃ alkyl, optionally substituted —C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl. Preferably the number of substituents is 0 to 3.

In certain embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), B is selected from the following groups, and B is optionally substituted:

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (III-1)˜(III-4), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein B, X, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₅ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (III-1A)˜(III-4A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein B, X, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₅ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (IV-1)˜(IV-4), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein B, X, R₁, R₃, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₂₁, and R₂₅ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (IV-1A)˜(IV-4A), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein B, X, R₁, R₃, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₂₁, and R₂₅ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by Formula (V):

wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄ and X are as previously defined, preferably, R₄ is hydrogen; each R₉ is independently selected from:

1) Halogen;

2) —CN;

3) —OR₁₃;

4) —SR₁₃;

5) —NR₁₃R₁₄;

6) —OC(O)NR₁₃R₁₄;

7) Optionally substituted —C₁-C₆ alkyl;

8) Optionally substituted —C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl;

9) Optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl;

10) Optionally substituted aryl; and

11) Optionally substituted heteroaryl;

and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by Formula (VT):

wherein R₁, R₃, R₉, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄ and n are as previously defined. Preferably, n is 0 or 1,

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by Formula (VI-A) or Formula (VI-B):

wherein R₁, R₃, R₉, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄ and n are as previously defined. Preferably, n is 0 or 1.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (VII-1) to (VII-4):

wherein R₁, R₃, R₂₁, R₂₃, R₂₅, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are as previously defined. Preferably, R₃ is hydrogen or Me.

In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (VII-1A) to (VII-4A):

wherein R₁, R₃, R₂₁, R₂₃, R₂₅, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are as previously defined. Preferably, R₃ is hydrogen or Me.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (VIII-1) (VIII-3), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein A1 is a 4- to 8-optionally substituted membered lactam; A2 is an optionally substituted 3- to 12-membered heterocyclic ring, or an optionally substituted 5- to 12-membered heteroaryl ring; A3 is 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic ring; and B, X, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (IX-1)˜(IX-3), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein A1, A2, A3, B, R₁, R₃, R₂₁, R₂₃, and R₂₄ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (X-1) (X-3), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein A1, A2, A3, X, R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₉, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (XI-1) (XI-3), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein A1, A2, A3, R₁, R₃, R₂₁, R₂₃, and R₂₄ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formulae (XII-1)˜(XII-10), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof:

wherein A1, A3, R₁, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₂₁, R₂₃, an R₂₅ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by Formula (XIII),

wherein q is 1 or 2, and R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄ are as previously defined.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the compound of Formula (I) is represented by one of Formula (XIV-1)˜(XIV-5),

wherein q, R₁₃, R₁₄, R₂₁, R₂₃, and R₂₅ are as previously defined.

Definitions

Listed below are definitions of various terms used to describe this invention. These definitions apply to the terms as they are used throughout this specification and claims, unless otherwise limited in specific instances, either individually or as part of a larger group.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, refers to a mono- or polycyclic carbocyclic ring system comprising at least one aromatic ring, including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, and indenyl. A polycyclic aryl is a polycyclic ring system that comprises at least one aromatic ring. Polycyclic aryls can comprise fused rings, covalently attached rings or a combination thereof.

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to a mono- or polycyclic aromatic radical having one or more ring atom selected from S, O and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, wherein any N or S contained within the ring may be optionally oxidized. Heteroaryl includes, but is not limited to, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinoxalinyl. A polycyclic heteroaryl can comprise fused rings, covalently attached rings or a combination thereof.

In accordance with the invention, aromatic groups can be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “bicyclic aryl” or “bicyclic heteroaryl” refers to a ring system consisting of two rings wherein at least one ring is aromatic; and the two rings can be fused or covalently attached.

The term “alkyl” as used herein, refers to saturated, straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals. “C₁-C₄ alkyl,” “C₁-C₆ alkyl,” “C₁-C₈ alkyl,” “C₁-C₁₂ alkyl,” “C₂-C₄ alkyl,” or “C₃-C₆ alkyl,” refer to alkyl groups containing from one to four, one to six, one to eight, one to twelve, 2 to 4 and 3 to 6 carbon atoms respectively. Examples of C₁-C₈ alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, heptyl and octyl radicals.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein, refers to straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals having at least one carbon-carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. “C₂-C₈ alkenyl,” “C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl,” “C₂-C₄ alkenyl,” “C₃-C₄ alkenyl,” or “C₃-C₆ alkenyl,” refer to alkenyl groups containing from two to eight, two to twelve, two to four, three to four or three to six carbon atoms respectively. Alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 2-methyl-2-buten-2-yl, heptenyl, octenyl, and the like.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein, refers to straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals having at least one carbon-carbon double bond by the removal of a single hydrogen atom. “C₂-C₈ alkynyl,” “C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl,” “C₂-C₄ alkynyl,” “C₃-C₄ alkynyl,” or “C₃-C₆ alkynyl,” refer to alkynyl groups containing from two to eight, two to twelve, two to four, three to four or three to six carbon atoms respectively. Representative alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, for example, ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, and the like.

The term “cycloalkyl”, as used herein, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated carbocyclic ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group fused, bridged or spiro system, and the carbon atoms may be optionally oxo-substituted or optionally substituted with exocyclic olefinic double bond. Preferred cycloalkyl groups include C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl and C₄-C₇ cycloalkyl. Examples of C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl include, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, 4-methylene-cyclohexyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl, spiro[2.5]octyl, 3-methylenebicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, spiro[4.4]nonanyl, and the like.

The term “cycloalkenyl”, as used herein, refers to monocyclic or polycyclic carbocyclic ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group fused, bridged or spiro system having at least one carbon-carbon double bond and the carbon atoms may be optionally oxo-substituted or optionally substituted with exocyclic olefinic double bond. Preferred cycloalkenyl groups include C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkenyl or C₅-C₇ cycloalkenyl groups. Examples of C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkenyl include, but not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctenyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-enyl, bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-enyl, spiro[2.5]oct-4-enyl, spiro[4.4]non-2-enyl, bicyclo[4.2.1]non-3-en-12-yl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “arylalkyl” means a functional group wherein an alkylene chain is attached to an aryl group, e.g., —CH₂CH₂-phenyl. The term “substituted arylalkyl” means an arylalkyl functional group in which the aryl group is substituted. Similarly, the term “heteroarylalkyl” means a functional group wherein an alkylene chain is attached to a heteroaryl group. The term “substituted heteroarylalkyl” means a heteroarylalkyl functional group in which the heteroaryl group is substituted. Preferably, as used herein, arylalkyl is aryl-C₁-C₆ alkyl, and heteroarylalkyl is heteroaryl-C₁-C₆ alkyl.

As used herein, the term “alkoxy” employed alone or in combination with other terms means, unless otherwise stated, an alkyl group having the designated number of carbon atoms connected to the rest of the molecule via an oxygen atom, such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 2-propoxy, 2-propoxy (isopropoxy) and the higher homologs and isomers. Preferred alkoxy are (C₂-C₃) alkoxy.

It is understood that any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic and cycloalkenyl moiety described herein can also be an aliphatic group or an alicyclic group.

An “aliphatic” group is a non-aromatic moiety comprised of any combination of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms, oxygen, nitrogen or other atoms, and optionally contains one or more units of unsaturation, e.g., double and/or triple bonds. Examples of aliphatic groups are functional groups, such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, O, OH, NH, NH₂, C(O), S(O)₂, C(O)O, C(O)NH, OC(O)O, OC(O)NH, OC(O)NH₂, S(O)₂NH, S(O)₂NH₂, NHC(O)NH₂, NHC(O)C(O)NH, NHS(O)₂NH, NHS(O)₂NH₂, C(O)NHS(O)₂, C(O)NHS(O)₂NH or C(O)NHS(O)₂NH₂, and the like, groups comprising one or more functional groups, non-aromatic hydrocarbons (optionally substituted), and groups wherein one or more carbons of a non-aromatic hydrocarbon (optionally substituted) is replaced by a functional group. Carbon atoms of an aliphatic group can be optionally oxo-substituted. An aliphatic group may be straight chained, branched, cyclic, or a combination thereof and preferably contains between about 1 and about 24 carbon atoms, more typically between about 1 and about 12 carbon atoms. In addition to aliphatic hydrocarbon groups, as used herein, aliphatic groups expressly include, for example, alkoxyalkyls, polyalkoxyalkyls, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines, for example. Aliphatic groups may be optionally substituted.

The terms “heterocyclic” or “heterocycloalkyl” can be used interchangeably and referred to a non-aromatic ring or a bi- or tri-cyclic group fused, bridged or spiro system, where (i) each ring system contains at least one heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, (ii) each ring system can be saturated or unsaturated (iii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, (iv) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, (v) any of the above rings may be fused to an aromatic ring, and (vi) the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms which may be optionally oxo-substituted or optionally substituted with exocyclic olefinic double bond. Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, 1,3-dioxolane, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyridazinonyl, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]-heptyl, 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, 5-azaspiro[2.5]octyl, 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonanyl, 7-oxooxepan-4-yl, and tetrahydrofuryl. Such heterocyclic groups may be further substituted. Heteroaryl or heterocyclic groups can be C-attached or N-attached (where possible).

It is understood that any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alicyclic, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, aliphatic moiety or the like, described herein can also be a divalent or multivalent group when used as a linkage to connect two or more groups or substituents, which can be at the same or different atom(s). One of skill in the art can readily determine the valence of any such group from the context in which it occurs.

The term “substituted” refers to substitution by independent replacement of one, two, or three or more of the hydrogen atoms with substituents including, but not limited to, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, C₁-C₁₂-alkyl; C₂-C₁₂-alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂-alkynyl, —C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, protected hydroxy, —NO₂, —N₃, —CN, —NH₂, protected amino, oxo, thioxo, —NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —NH-heterocycloalkyl, -dialkylamino, -diarylamino, -diheteroarylamino, —O—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —O—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —O—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —O—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —O-heterocycloalkyl, —C(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —C(O)—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —C(O)—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —C(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —C(O)-aryl, —C(O)— heteroaryl, —C(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —CONH₂, —CONH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —CONH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —CONH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —CONH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, —CONH-heterocycloalkyl, —OCO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —OCO₂—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —OCO₂—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —OCO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —OCO₂-aryl, —OCO₂-heteroaryl, —OCO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —CO₂—C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, —CO₂—C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —CO₂—C₂-C₈ alkynyl, CO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —CO₂— aryl, CO₂-heteroaryl, CO₂-heterocyloalkyl, —OCONH₂, —OCONH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —OCONH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —OCONH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —OCONH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —OCONH-aryl, —OCONH-heteroaryl, —OCONH-heterocyclo-alkyl, —NHC(O)H, —NHC(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(O)—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(O)—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)-aryl, —NHC(O)-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)-heterocyclo-alkyl, —NHCO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHCO₂—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHCO₂—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHCO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHCO₂-aryl, —NHCO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH₂, —NHC(O)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(O)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(O)NH-aryl, —NHC(O)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(O)NH-heterocycloalkyl, NHC(S)NH₂, —NHC(S)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(S)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(S)NH-aryl, —NHC(S)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(S)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)NH₂, —NHC(NH)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(NH)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)NH-aryl, —NHC(NH)NH-heteroaryl, —NHC(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHC(NH)—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHC(NH)—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHC(NH)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHC(NH)-aryl, —NHC(NH)-heteroaryl, —NHC(NH)-heterocycloalkyl, —C(NH)NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —C(NH)NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —C(NH)NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —C(NH)NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —C(NH)NH-aryl, —C(NH)NH-heteroaryl, —C(NH)NH-heterocycloalkyl, —S(O)—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —S(O)—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —S(O)—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —S(O)—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —S(O)-aryl, —S(O)-heteroaryl, —S(O)-heterocycloalkyl, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —SO₂NH—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —SO₂NH—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —SO₂NH—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH— heterocycloalkyl, —NHSO₂—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —NHSO₂—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —NHSO₂—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —NHSO₂—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂-heterocycloalkyl, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂SO₂CH₃, -aryl, -arylalkyl, -heteroaryl, -heteroarylalkyl, -heterocycloalkyl, —C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, polyalkoxyalkyl, polyalkoxy, -methoxymethoxy, -methoxyethoxy, —SH, —S—C₁-C₁₂-alkyl, —S—C₂-C₈-alkenyl, —S—C₂-C₈-alkynyl, —S—C₃-C₁₂-cycloalkyl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —S-heterocycloalkyl, or methylthio-methyl. In certain embodiments, the substituents are independently selected from halo, preferably C₁ and F; C₁-C₄-alkyl, preferably methyl and ethyl; halo-C₁-C₄-alkyl, such as fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, and trifluoromethyl; C₂-C₄-alkenyl; halo-C₂-C₄-alkenyl; C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl; C₁-C₄-alkoxy, such as methoxy and ethoxy; halo-C₁-C₄-alkoxy, such as fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, and trifluoromethoxy; acetyl; —CN; —OH; NH₂; C₁-C₄-alkylamino; di(C₁-C₄-alkyl)amino; and NO₂. It is understood that the aryls, heteroaryls, alkyls, and the like can be further substituted. In some cases, each substituent in a substituted moiety is additionally optionally substituted with one or more groups, each group being independently selected from C₁-C₄-alkyl; —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —OH, —NO₂, —CN, and —NH₂. Preferably, a substituted alkyl group is substituted with one or more halogen atoms, more preferably one or more fluorine or chlorine atoms.

The term “halo” or halogen” alone or as part of another substituent, as used herein, refers to a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.

The term “optionally substituted”, as used herein, means that the referenced group may be substituted or unsubstituted. In one embodiment, the referenced group is optionally substituted with zero substituents, i.e., the referenced group is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, the referenced group is optionally substituted with one or more additional group(s) individually and independently selected from groups described herein.

The term “hydrogen” includes hydrogen and deuterium. In addition, the recitation of an atom includes other isotopes of that atom so long as the resulting compound is pharmaceutically acceptable.

The term “hydroxy activating group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to activate a hydroxyl group so that it will depart during synthetic procedures such as in a substitution or an elimination reaction. Examples of hydroxyl activating group include, but not limited to, mesylate, tosylate, triflate, p-nitrobenzoate, phosphonate and the like.

The term “activated hydroxyl,” as used herein, refers to a hydroxy group activated with a hydroxyl activating group, as defined above, including mesylate, tosylate, triflate, p-nitrobenzoate, phosphonate groups, for example.

The term “hydroxy protecting group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect a hydroxyl group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the hydroxy protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed. Hydroxy protecting groups as known in the art are described generally in T.H. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). Examples of hydroxyl protecting groups include benzyloxycarbonyl, 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, tert-butoxy-carbonyl, isopropoxycarbonyl, diphenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, formyl, chloroacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, methoxyacetyl, phenoxyacetyl, benzoyl, methyl, t-butyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilyl ethyl, allyl, benzyl, triphenyl-methyl (trityl), methoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)-ethoxymethyl, methanesulfonyl, trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, and the like.

The term “protected hydroxy,” as used herein, refers to a hydroxy group protected with a hydroxy protecting group, as defined above, including benzoyl, acetyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, methoxymethyl groups, for example.

The term “hydroxy prodrug group,” as used herein, refers to a promoiety group which is known in the art to change the physicochemical, and hence the biological properties of a parent drug in a transient manner by covering or masking the hydroxy group. After said synthetic procedure(s), the hydroxy prodrug group as described herein must be capable of reverting back to hydroxy group in vivo. Hydroxy prodrug groups as known in the art are described generally in Kenneth B. Sloan, Prodrugs, Topical and Ocular Drug Delivery, (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences; Volume 53), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York (1992).

The term “amino protecting group,” as used herein, refers to a labile chemical moiety which is known in the art to protect an amino group against undesired reactions during synthetic procedures. After said synthetic procedure(s) the amino protecting group as described herein may be selectively removed. Amino protecting groups as known in the art are described generally in T.H. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999). Examples of amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, methoxycarbonyl, t-butoxycarbonyl, 12-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.

The term “protected amino,” as used herein, refers to an amino group protected with an amino protecting group as defined above.

The term “leaving group” means a functional group or atom which can be displaced by another functional group or atom in a substitution reaction, such as a nucleophilic substitution reaction. By way of example, representative leaving groups include chloro, bromo and iodo groups; sulfonic ester groups, such as mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, nosylate and the like; and acyloxy groups, such as acetoxy, trifluoroacetoxy and the like.

The term “aprotic solvent,” as used herein, refers to a solvent that is relatively inert to proton activity, i.e., not acting as a proton-donor. Examples include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons, such as hexane and toluene, for example, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, for example, methylene chloride, ethylene chloride, chloroform, and the like, heterocyclic compounds, such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran and N-methylpyrrolidinone, and ethers such as diethyl ether, bis-methoxymethyl ether. Such compounds are well known to those skilled in the art, and it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges, for example. Further discussions of aprotic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick et al., Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, N Y, 1986.

The term “protic solvent,” as used herein, refers to a solvent that tends to provide protons, such as an alcohol, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, t-butanol, and the like. Such solvents are well known to those skilled in the art, and it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that individual solvents or mixtures thereof may be preferred for specific compounds and reaction conditions, depending upon such factors as the solubility of reagents, reactivity of reagents and preferred temperature ranges, for example. Further discussions of protogenic solvents may be found in organic chemistry textbooks or in specialized monographs, for example: Organic Solvents Physical Properties and Methods of Purification, 4th ed., edited by John A. Riddick et al., Vol. II, in the Techniques of Chemistry Series, John Wiley & Sons, N Y, 1986.

Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are only those that result in the formation of stable compounds. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a subject).

The synthesized compounds can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization. As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the Formula herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, 2^(nd) Ed. Wiley-VCH (1999); T. W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1999); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.

The term “subject,” as used herein, refers to an animal. Preferably, the animal is a mammal. More preferably, the mammal is a human. A subject also refers to, for example, dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, guinea pigs, fish, birds and the like.

The compounds of this invention may be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the art and may include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.

The compounds described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-, or as (D)- or (L)- for amino acids. The present invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms. Optical isomers may be prepared from their respective optically active precursors by the procedures described above, or by resolving the racemic mixtures. The resolution can be carried out in the presence of a resolving agent, by chromatography or by repeated crystallization or by some combination of these techniques which are known to those skilled in the art. Further details regarding resolutions can be found in Jacques, et al., Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions (John Wiley & Sons, 1981). When the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds, other unsaturation, or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended that the compounds include both E and Z geometric isomers or cis- and trans-isomers. Likewise, all tautomeric forms are also intended to be included. Tautomers may be in cyclic or acyclic. The configuration of any carbon-carbon double bond appearing herein is selected for convenience only and is not intended to designate a particular configuration unless the text so states; thus a carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-heteroatom double bond depicted arbitrarily herein as trans may be cis, trans, or a mixture of the two in any proportion.

Certain compounds of the present invention may also exist in different stable conformational forms which may be separable. Torsional asymmetry due to restricted rotation about an asymmetric single bond, for example because of steric hindrance or ring strain, may permit separation of different conformers. The present invention includes each conformational isomer of these compounds and mixtures thereof.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describes pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 2-19 (1977). The salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentane-propionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, alkyl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable ester” refers to esters which hydrolyze in vivo and include those that break down readily in the human body to leave the parent compound or a salt thereof. Suitable ester groups include, for example, those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable aliphatic carboxylic acids, particularly alkanoic, alkenoic, cycloalkanoic and alkanedioic acids, in which each alkyl or alkenyl moiety advantageously has not more than 6 carbon atoms. Examples of particular esters include, but are not limited to, formates, acetates, propionates, butyrates, acrylates and ethylsuccinates.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir, preferably by oral administration or administration by injection. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intra-arterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions, may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectable.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or: a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compounds of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.

Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

For pulmonary delivery, a therapeutic composition of the invention is formulated and administered to the patient in solid or liquid particulate form by direct administration e.g., inhalation into the respiratory system. Solid or liquid particulate forms of the active compound prepared for practicing the present invention include particles of respirable size: that is, particles of a size sufficiently small to pass through the mouth and larynx upon inhalation and into the bronchi and alveoli of the lungs. Delivery of aerosolized therapeutics, particularly aerosolized antibiotics, is known in the art (see, for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,068 to Van Devanter et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,269 to Smith et al., and WO 98/43650 by Montgomery, all of which are incorporated herein by reference).

Antiviral Activity

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a viral infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The viral infection is preferably a coronavirus infection. In certain embodiments, the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, or MERS-CoV. Preferably the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2.

A viral inhibitory amount or dose of the compounds of the present invention may range from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg, alternatively from about 1 to about 50 mg/Kg. Inhibitory amounts or doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents.

According to the methods of treatment of the present invention, viral infections are treated or prevented in a patient such as a human or another animal by administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, in such amounts and for such time as is necessary to achieve the desired result.

By a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of the invention is meant an amount of the compound which confers a therapeutic effect on the treated subject, at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment. The therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e., measurable by some test or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of or feels an effect). A therapeutically effective amount of the compound described above may range, for example, from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 500 mg/Kg, preferably from about 1 to about 50 mg/Kg. Effective doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or contemporaneously with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.

The total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a human or other animal in single or in divided doses can be in amounts, for example, from 0.01 to 50 mg/kg body weight or more usually from 0.1 to 25 mg/kg body weight. Single dose compositions may contain such amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. In general, treatment regimens according to the present invention comprise administration to a patient in need of such treatment from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg of the compound(s) of this invention per day in single or multiple doses.

The compounds of the present invention described herein can, for example, be administered by injection, intravenously, intra-arterial, subdermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously; or orally, buccally, nasally, transmucosally, topically, in an ophthalmic preparation, or by inhalation, with a dosage ranging from about 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg of body weight, alternatively dosages between 1 mg and 1000 mg/dose, every 4 to 120 hours, or according to the requirements of the particular drug. The methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of compound or compound composition to achieve the desired or stated effect. Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about 6 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy. The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with pharmaceutically excipients or carriers to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. A typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w). Alternatively, such preparations may contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.

Lower or higher doses than those recited above may be required. Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health status, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the disease, condition or symptoms, the patient's disposition to the disease, condition or symptoms, and the judgment of the treating physician.

Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.

Combination and Alternation Therapy

The compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with one or more antiviral therapeutic agents or anti-inflammatory agents useful in the prevention or treatment of viral diseases or associated pathophysiology. Thus, the compounds of the present invention and their salts, solvates, or other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, may be employed alone or in combination with other antiviral or anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. The compounds herein and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be used in combination with one or more other agents which may be useful in the prevention or treatment of respiratory disease, inflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, for example; anti-histamines, corticosteroids, (e.g., fluticasone propionate, fluticasone furoate, beclomethasone dipropionate, budesonide, ciclesonide, mometasone furoate, triamcinolone, flunisolide), NSAIDs, Ieukotriene modulators (e.g., montelukast, zafirlukast.pranlukast), tryptase inhibitors, IKK2 inhibitors, p38 inhibitors, Syk inhibitors, protease inhibitors such as elastase inhibitors, integrin antagonists (e.g., beta-2 integrin antagonists), adenosine A2a agonists, mediator release inhibitors such as sodium chromoglycate, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors (zyflo), DP1 antagonists, DP2 antagonists, PI3K delta inhibitors, ITK inhibitors, LP (Iysophosphatidic) inhibitors or FLAP (5-lipoxygenase activating protein) inhibitors (e.g., sodium 3-(3-(tert-butylthio)-1-(4-(6-ethoxypyridin-3-yl)benzyl)-5-((5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)methoxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanoate), bronchodilators (e.g., muscarinic antagonists, beta-2 agonists), methotrexate, and similar agents; monoclonal antibody therapy such as anti-lgE, anti-TNF, anti-IL-5, anti-IL-6, anti-IL-12, anti-IL-1 and similar agents; cytokine receptor therapies e.g. etanercept and similar agents; antigen non-specific immunotherapies (e.g. interferon or other cytokines/chemokines, chemokine receptor modulators such as CCR3, CCR4 or CXCR2 antagonists, other cytokine/chemokine agonists or antagonists, TLR agonists and similar agents), suitable anti-infective agents including antibiotic agents, antifungal agents, antheimintic agents, antimalarial agents, antiprotozoal agents, antitubercuiosis agents, and antiviral agents, including those listed at https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/anti-infectives.html. In general, combination therapy is typically preferred over alternation therapy because it induces multiple simultaneous stresses on the virus.

When the compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of the Formula described herein and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen. The additional agents may be administered separately, as part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this invention. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, combined with a compound of this invention in a single composition.

The “additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents” include but are not limited to, immune therapies (e.g. interferon), therapeutic vaccines, antifibrotic agents, anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids or NSAIDs, bronchodilators such as beta-2 adrenergic agonists and xanthines (e.g. theophylline), mucolytic agents, anti-muscarinics, anti-leukotrienes, inhibitors of cell adhesion (e.g. ICAM antagonists), anti-oxidants (e.g. N-acetylcysteine), cytokine agonists, cytokine antagonists, lung surfactants and/or antimicrobial and anti-viral agents (e.g. ribavirin and amantidine). The compositions according to the invention may also be used in combination with gene replacement therapy.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations which may be used in the descriptions of the scheme and the examples that follow are: Ac for acetyl; AcOH for acetic acid; Boc₂O for di-tert-butyl-dicarbonate; Boc for t-butoxycarbonyl; Bz for benzoyl; Bn for benzyl; t-BuOK for potassium tert-butoxide; Brine for sodium chloride solution in water; CDI for carbonyldiimidazole; DCM or CH₂Cl₂ for dichloromethane; CH₃ for methyl; CH₃CN for acetonitrile; Cs₂CO₃ for cesium carbonate; CuCl for copper (I) chloride; CuI for copper (I) iodide; dba for dibenzylidene acetone; DBU for 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene; DEAD for diethylazodicarboxylate; DIAD for diisopropyl azodicarboxylate; DIPEA or (i-Pr)₂EtN for N,N,-diisopropylethyl amine; DMP or Dess-Martin periodinane for 1,1,2-tris(acetyloxy)-1,2-dihydro-1,2-benziodoxol-3-(1H)-one; DMAP for 4-dimethylamino-pyridine; DME for 1,2-dimethoxyethane; DMF for N,N-dimethylformamide; DMSO for dimethyl sulfoxide; EtOAc for ethyl acetate; EtOH for ethanol; Et₂O for diethyl ether; HATU for O-(7-azabenzotriazol-2-yl)-N,N,N′,N′,-tetramethyluronium Hexafluoro-phosphate; HCl for hydrogen chloride; K₂CO₃ for potassium carbonate; n-BuLi for n-butyl lithium; DDQ for 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone; LDA for lithium diisopropylamide; LiTMP for lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinate; MeOH for methanol; Mg for magnesium; MOM for methoxymethyl; Ms for mesyl or —SO₂—CH₃; NaHMDS for sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; NaCl for sodium chloride; NaH for sodium hydride; NaHCO₃ for sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate; Na₂CO₃ sodium carbonate; NaOH for sodium hydroxide; Na₂SO₄ for sodium sulfate; NaHSO₃ for sodium bisulfite or sodium hydrogen sulfite; Na₂S₂O₃ for sodium thiosulfate; NH₂NH₂ for hydrazine; NH₄Cl for ammonium chloride; Ni for nickel; OH for hydroxyl; OsO₄ for osmium tetroxide; OTf for triflate; PPA for polyphosphoric acid; PTSA for p-toluenesulfonic acid; PPTS for pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate; TBAF for tetrabutylammonium fluoride; TEA or Et₃N for triethylamine; TES for triethylsilyl; TESCl for triethylsilyl chloride; TESOTf for triethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate; TFA for trifluoroacetic acid; THE for tetrahydrofuran; TMEDA for N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylene-diamine; TPP or PPh₃ for triphenyl-phosphine; Tos or Ts for tosyl or —SO₂—C₆H₄CH₃; Ts₂O for tolylsulfonic anhydride or tosyl-anhydride; TsOH for p-tolylsulfonic acid; Pd for palladium; Ph for phenyl; Pd₂(dba)₃ for tris(diben-zylideneacetone) dipalladium (0); Pd(PPh₃)₄ for tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-palladium (0); PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ for trans-dichlorobis-(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II); Pt for platinum; Rh for rhodium; rt for room temperature; Ru for ruthenium; TBS for tert-butyl dimethylsilyl; TMS for trimethylsilyl; and TMSCl for trimethylsilyl chloride.

Synthetic Methods

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following synthetic schemes that illustrate the methods by which the compounds of the invention may be prepared, which are intended as an illustration only and not to limit the scope of the invention. Various changes and modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art and such changes and modifications including, without limitation, those relating to the chemical structures, substituents, derivatives, and/or methods of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.

Scheme 1 illustrates a general method to prepare the compound of Formula (VI)

wherein R₁, R₃, n, R₉, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, and R₂₄ are as previously defined. Amide coupling of compound 1 with compound 2 under standard peptide coupling conditions provides compound 3. The standard peptide coupling conditions are summarized in Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 11, 6557-6602 by Ayman El-Faham and Fernando Albericio. The PG₁ and PG₂ are normal protecting group such as, but not limited to Cbz, Boc or Fmoc. The PG₁ and PG₂ can be removed in standard deprotection conditions which are summarized in Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 5th Edition, Peter G. M. Wuts, Wiley 2014. After removal of PG₁ protecting group of compound 3, compound 4 is obtained and subjected to amide coupling reaction again with compound 5 using standard peptide coupling chemistry, to afford compound 6. Upon removal of PG₂ protecting group, functionalization of the nitrogen group of compound 7 affords compound 8 with various R₂₄ substitutions. Final conversion of the primary amide group in compound 8 to CN group under dehydration conditions, such as, but not limited to TFAA/NEt₃, Burgess reagent, and Pd(OCOCF₃)₂/Cl₂CHCN, provides compound 9 with Formula (VI).

Alternatively, as shown in Scheme 2, compound 7 can be converted to nitrile compound 10 first under standard dehydration conditions such as, but not limited to TFAA/NEt₃, Burgess reagent, and Pd(OCOCF₃)₂/Cl₂CHCN. Subsequent removal of PG₂ protecting group and introduction R₂₄ on NH forms compound 9 with Formula (VI).

Scheme 3 illustrates a general method to prepare the compound of Formula (V′),

where R₂₃ and R₂₄, together with the N atom they are attaching to, forms an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring. Compound 14 can be synthesized from compound 4 and compound 12 through an amide coupling reaction followed by removal of PG₂ protecting group. The primary amine group of compound 14 can then be converted to various optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring following literature procedures to form compound 15 which is subsequently converted to compound 16 with Formula (V′). Selected literature procedures can be found in the following references: Huang, P.-Q.; Fan, T., European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2017, 43, 6369-6374; Dhingra, S. K.; Arora, S. K.; Singh, K.; Prasad, M.; Kumar, Y., WO 2006090265; Mochizuki, A.; Kishida, M.; Kanno, H., WO 2008111300; Chen, K. X.; Njoroge, F.; George; S.; Mousumi; N; Latha G.; et al, WO 2005085242; Sugiyama, S.; Morishita, K.; Chiba, M.; Ishii, K., Heterocycles 2002, 57, 637-648; Meng, G., Guo, T., Ma, T. et al., Nature 2019, 574, 86-89.

A compound with Formula (VI′)

can be prepared from a compound with Formula (VI) by reacting with appropriate alkylating agents, such as, but not limited to Me₂SO₄, MeI, alkyl iodide, alkyl bromide, allyl bromide in the presense of a suitable base, such as but not limited to K₂CO₃, NaH, or KOt-Bu, as showed in Scheme 4.

Alternatively, a compound with Formula (VI′) can be prepared from compound 21 following similar chemistry described previously for compound 9. Compound 21 can be obtained from compound 18 through alkylation, subsequent functional group transformation and removal of PG₃ protecting group as shown in Scheme 5.

Compound with Formula (VI″),

whereas X is as described previously, can be prepared from aldehyde intermediate 25 using standard functional group transformations. Compound 18 is converted to alcohol compound 22 via reduction of ester. The reducing agent can be, but not limited to, LiBH₄, DIBAL, NaBH₄. Removal of the PG group of compound 22 affords intermediate 23, which is then converted to compound 24 using similar chemistry described previously. Aldehyde 25 is prepared from alcohol intermediate 24 via oxidation of the OH group using conditions such as, but not limited to IBX oxidation, Swern oxidation, Dess-Martin oxidation, or Albright-Goldman oxidation. Compound 26 with Formula (VI″) can then be synthesized from aldehyde intermediate 25 using appropriate chemistry depending on the nature of X. Selected chemistry and procedures have been described in the following references: J. Med. Chem. 2020, 63, 4562-4578, WO 2020/030143, and J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 3144-3155.

EXAMPLES

The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following examples, which are intended as an illustration only and not limiting of the scope of the invention. Starting materials were either available from a commercial vendor or produced by methods well known to those skilled in the art.

General Conditions:

Mass spectra were run on LC-MS systems using electrospray ionization. These were Agilent 1290 Infinity II systems with an Agilent 6120 Quadrupole detector. Spectra were obtained using a ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 column (4.6×30 mm, 1.8 micron). Spectra were obtained at 298K using a mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B). Spectra were obtained with the following solvent gradient: 5% (B) from 0-1.5 min, 5-95% (B) from 1.5-4.5 min, and 95% (B) from 4.5-6 min. The solvent flowrate was 1.2 mL/min. Compounds were detected at 210 nm and 254 nm wavelengths. [M+H]⁺ refers to mono-isotopic molecular weights.

NMR spectra were run on a Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer. Spectra were measured at 298K and referenced using the solvent peak. Chemical shifts for ¹H NMR are reported in parts per million (ppm).

Compounds were purified via reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) using a Gilson GX-281 automated liquid handling system. Compounds were purified on a Phenomenex Kinetex EVO C18 column (250×21.2 mm, 5 micron), unless otherwise specified. Compounds were purified at 298K using a mobile phase of water (A) and acetonitrile (B) using gradient elution between 0% and 100% (B), unless otherwise specified. The solvent flowrate was 20 mL/min and compounds were detected at 254 nm wavelength.

Alternatively, compounds were purified via normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) using a Teledyne ISCO Combiflash purification system. Compounds were purified on a REDISEP silica gel cartridge. Compounds were purified at 298K and detected at 254 nm wavelength.

Example 1

Steps 1-3: synthesis of (3R,5′S)-2-oxospiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolidine]-5′-carboxamide Hydrochloride

Steps 1 and 2: Compound 1-2 was prepared following literature reported procedures, such as described in J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 9069.

Step 3: To a clear solution of the compound 1-2 (45.0 g, 136 mmol) in THE (720 mL) in a three neck 2000 mL flask at 0° C. was added water (90 mL) in one portion. Acetic acid (54.6 mL, 953 mmol) was added at 0° C. The cloudy mixture was cooled to −30° C. A solution of NBS (24.24 g, 136 mmol) in THF/H₂O (8/1, 207 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min while maintaining the internal temperature below −30° C. The milky mixture became a yellow cloudy solution and was stirred at −30° C. (internal temperature) for 1.0 h. The cloudy yellow solution was allowed to warm up to −20° C. and poured portionwise into a mixture of potassium carbonate (65.9 g, 477 mmol) in cold water (˜300 mL), saturated NaHCO₃ solution (˜400 mL) and EtOAc (300 mL) with stirring. The mixture was further diluted with EtOAc (500 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (1×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford crude product as a light yellow sticky oil (56.0 g). The crude product was dissolved in DCM (60 mL) and filtered through a 330 g silica gel column (MTBE/Cyclohexane) to afford the desired product 1-3 as an off-white foam (48.20 g, 102%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) showed dr 10/1 (1-3a/1-3b).

Step 4: A clear colorless solution of compound 1-3 (48.20 g, 139 mmol, dr 10/1) in 7 N ammonia in MeOH (400 mL) was stirred at 45° C. in a sealed tube for 4 days. The mixture was allowed to cool down and concentrated. The solid was dried under vacuum to afford the desired compound 1-4 as a yellow solid (42.80 g, 93%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) showed dr 10/1 (1-4a/1-4b).

Step 5: To a clear solution of compound 1-4 (42.80 g, 129 mmol, dr 10/1) in DMF (85 mL) at rt was added 4 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (323 mL, 1292 mmol). The resulting clear light yellow solution was stirred at rt for 2.5 h, and concentrated by rotavapor. The resulting clear solution was poured into DCM (1700 mL) with stirring to form a slurry. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration, and rinsed with DCM (×2). The solid was dried under vacuum to afford crude 1-5 as a light yellow solid (35.20 g, 102%).

Recrystallization: 3 g of the above crude compound 1-5 was mixed with DMF (9 mL) and heated to form a near clear solution. Solid started to appear while heating. The mixture was allowed to cool down to rt. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration, and rinsed with DMF (1 mL) and DCM (2×). The solid was dried under vacuum to afford the desired product compound 1-5 as a white solid (2.14 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) showed clean product with ˜0.9 eq DMF, but no minor diastereomer. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.14 (brs, 1H), 10.81 (s, 1H), 9.08 (brs, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (td, J=7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (td, J=7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J=11.2, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (dd, J=12.9, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.22 (dd, J=12.9, 11.2 Hz, 1H).

Steps 6-9: Synthesis of Example 1

Step 6: To a mixture of compound 1-5 (5 g, 14.90 mmol) and N-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-N-methyl-L-leucine (4.29 g, 15.35 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) and DMF (10 mL) at 0° C. were added 4-methylmorpholine (4.92 mL, 44.7 mmol) and HATU (5.84 g, 15.35 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then at rt for 1 h The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (100 mL), and washed sequentially with 5% NaHCO₃ (100 mL), water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The collected organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% MeOH/DCM) to afford the desired compound 1-6 (5.33 g, 10.82 mmol, 72.6% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS, ES+: 493.14 [M+1].

Step 7: To a solution of compound 1-6 (4.0 g, 7.63 mmol) in MeOH (76 mL) was added 10% Pd—C (0.406 g, 0.382 mmol). The mixture was stirred under H2 balloon for 60 min. The mixture was then filtered through celite, and concentrated in vacuo to provide compound 1-7 (2.7 g, 7.53 mmol, 99% yield), which was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 8: To a mixture of compound 1-7 (300 mg, 0.837 mmol) and (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid (279 mg, 0.879 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (7 mL) and DMF (1.4 mL) at 0° C. were added 4-methylmorpholine (184 μl, 1.674 mmol) and HATU (350 mg, 0.921 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then at rt for several hours until LC-MS indicated the reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, and washed with 5% NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The collected organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% MeOH/DCM) to afford the desired compound 1-8 (400 mg, 0.61 mmol, 73% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS, ES+: 658.26 [M+1].

Step 9: To a solution of compound 1-8 (28 mg, 0.043 mmol) and triethylamine (35.6 μL, 0.255 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at 0° C. was added TFAA (17.75 μL, 0.128 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 30-60 min until LC-MS indicated the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 10% aq. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 40% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 1 (18 mg, 0.028 mmol, 66.1% yield). LC-MS, ES⁻: 638.1 [M−H]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.73 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.17 (dt, J=7.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.10-6.92 (m, 3H), 6.40 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (dd, J=9.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.95 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 4.63 (td, J=9.7, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (d, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.44 (dd, J=14.2, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (dd, J=14.3, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.78 (ddd, J=14.2, 9.3, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (ddd, J=14.1, 8.8, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 1.53 (dd, J=13.3, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 0.95 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H).

Example 2

Step 1: A mixture of compound 1-8 (370 mg, 0.563 mmol) and 10% Pd—C (29.9 mg, 0.028 mmol) in MeOH (5.63 mL) was stirred under H2 balloon for 60 min. The mixture was filtered through celite, and concentrated in vacuo to provide compound 2-1 (290 mg, 98% yield), which was used directly without further purification. LC-MS, ES⁺: 524.13 [M+1].

Step 2: To a solution of compound 2-1 (30 mg, 0.057 mmol) and triethylamine (63.9 μL, 0.458 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.146 mL) at 0° C. was added TFAA (31.9 μL, 0.229 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for ˜30 min and then stirred at rt for −60 min.

The reaction mixture was then diluted with DCM, washed with 10% aq. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 50% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 2 (22 mg, 0.037 mmol, 63.8% yield). LC-MS, ES⁻: 600.0 [M−H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.77 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.31-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.19 (ddd, J=7.7, 6.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.02 (m, 4H), 6.97 (dt, J=7.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (dd, J=9.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (td, J=9.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (d, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 2.80-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.47 (m, 2H), 1.80 (ddd, J=14.4, 9.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (ddd, J=14.2, 8.6, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 1.58-1.43 (m, 1H), 0.92 (dd, J=26.3, 6.6 Hz, 6H).

Example 3

To a solution of compound 2-1 (30 mg, 0.057 mmol) and triethylamine (63.9 μL, 0.458 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.146 mL) at 0° C. was added methyl chlororformate (4.43 μL, 0.057 mmol). After stirring at 0° C. for 45 min, TFAA (31.9 μL, 0.229 mmol) was added dropwise. After stirring at 0° C. for 30 min, the reaction was stirred at rt for −60 min.

Work-up: the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 10% aq. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 50% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 3 (5 mg, 15% yield). LC-MS, ES⁻: 562.0 [M−H]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.60 (s, 1H), 7.08 (dt, J=12.9, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (td, J=5.2, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.93-6.85 (m, 4H), 6.80 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.29 (dd, J=9.2, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (td, J=9.6, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (d, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (s, 3H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.27 (dd, J=14.3, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (dd, J=14.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.61 (dt, J=8.8, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 1.57-1.47 (m, 1H), 1.43-1.36 (m, 1H), 0.78 (dd, J=24.7, 6.5 Hz, 6H).

Example 4

Step 1: Compound 2-1 (25 mg, 0.048 mmol) and 5-methylisoxazole-3-carboxylic acid (6.37 mg, 0.050 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (0.40 mL) and DMF (0.10 mL). 4-Methylmorpholine (10.50 μL, 0.095 mmol) and HATU (19.97 mg, 0.053 mmol) were added at 0° C. After stirring at 0° C. for 1 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 5% NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude compound 4-1 was directly used in the next step without purification. LC-MS, ES⁺: 633.20 [M+H].

Step 2: Compound 4-1 (0.030 g, 0.048 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (0.96 mL). At 0° C. triethylamine (0.040 mL, 0.288 mmol) and TFAA (0.020 mL, 0.144 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for ˜30 min and then stirred at rt for −60 min. 28% ammonia in water (19 uL, 0.29 mmol) was added. After stirring for another 1 h at rt, the reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with water, brine. dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 50% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 4 (22 mg, 75% yield for 2 steps). LC-MS, ES⁺: 615.2 [M+H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.76 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.18 (td, J=7.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.11-6.91 (m, 5H), 6.35 (s, 1H), 5.45 (dd, J=9.2, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (td, J=8.9, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.23 (s, 3H), 2.83-2.65 (m, 3H), 2.57 (dd, J=14.2, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.87-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.48 (m, 1H), 0.91 (dd, J=25.8, 6.6 Hz, 6H).

Example 5

Step 1-4: Example 5 was prepared following similar procedures as described in Example 1. ES⁻: 651.99 [M−H].

Example 6

Step 1: Compound 5-4 (237 mg, 0.363 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (4.53 mL). 10% Pd—C (19.29 mg, 0.018 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred under H2 (balloon) for 60 min. The mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo to provide compound 6-2 (187 mg, 0.360 mmol, 99% yield), which was used in the next step without further purification. LC-MS, ES⁺: 520.24 [M+H].

Step 2: Compound 6-2 (20 mg, 0.038 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (0.77 mL). At 0° C. triethylamine (16.09 μL, 0.115 mmol) and TFAA (8.03 μL, 0.058 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for ˜45 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 10% aq. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 50% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 6. LC-MS, ES⁻: 614.06 [M−H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.78 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (ddd, J=8.4, 5.3, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (ddd, J=7.7, 5.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.01 (m, 4H), 6.98 (dt, J=7.7, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J=6.8, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (td, J=9.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 2.80-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 2H), 2.17-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.56 (dd, J=14.2, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 0.94 (s, 9H).

Example 7

Compound 6-2 (20 mg, 0.038 mmol) and 4,6,7-trifluoro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (9.11 mg, 0.042 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (0.321 mL) and DMF (0.064 mL). 4-Methylmorpholine (8.46 μl, 0.077 mmol) and HATU (16.83 mg, 0.044 mmol) were added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. to rt for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, and washed with brine. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 50% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 7 (20 mg, 0.028 mmol, 72.5% yield). LC-MS, ES⁻: 715.09 [M−H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 11.41 (s, 1H), 9.79 (s, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (td, J=5.6, 2.5 Hz, 3H), 7.20 (ddd, J=7.7, 5.9, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.03-6.96 (m, 3H), 6.90 (ddd, J=11.3, 9.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (dd, J=7.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (ddd, J=10.8, 9.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (d, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 2.79-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.50 (dd, J=14.2, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (dd, J=14.2, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (dd, J=14.2, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.52 (dd, J=14.1, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 0.92 (s, 9H).

Example 8

To a solution of compound 6-2 (20 mg, 0.038 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (0.77 mL) at 0° C. was added triethylamine (21.46 μL, 0.154 mmol), followed by addition of isocyanatocyclopropane (3.49 μL, 0.050 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h.

The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with 5% NaHCO₃. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 50% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 8 (16 mg, 0.027 mmol, 69.0% yield). LC-MS, ES⁻: 601.13 [M−H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.79 (s, 1H), 7.20-7.12 (m, 3H), 7.08-6.92 (m, 5H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 5.56 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (dd, J=7.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (td, J=9.1, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (dd, J=10.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.79-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.24 (m, 3H), 2.18-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.51 (dd, J=14.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.64-0.46 (m, 2H), 0.29 (ddt, J=5.9, 3.8, 2.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 9

Step 1: The N₃SO₂F solution was prepared following the procedures reported by Meng, G., Guo, T., Ma, T. et al. Nature 574, 86-89 (2019).

In a plastic tube, to a solution of sodium azide (100 mg, 1.538 mmol) in H₂O (4.05 mL) and MTBE (4.05 mL) at 0° C. was added ACN (0.4 mL, 1/10 of water amount), followed by addition of solid 1-(fluorosulfonyl)-2,3-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium trifluoromethanesulfonate (606 mg, 1.846 mmol). The mixture was stirred vigorously at 0° C. for 10-15 min. After standing at rt for 30 min, the organic phase was separated and kept in a loosely sealed plastical bottle at rt for at least 12 hrs. After standing for >12 hrs, the reddish aqueous layer on the bottom was removed. The desired product was diluted to total volume of 5.1 mL with MTBE to make a 0.3 M N₃SO₂F solution and store at 4° C. away from light.

Step 2: The amine was converted to the azide following the procedures reported by Meng, G., Guo, T., Ma, T. et al. Nature 574, 86-89 (2019). To a solution of compound 6-2 (85 mg, 0.164 mmol) in DMF (0.61 mL) at rt was added the above formed 0.3 M solution of sulfurazidic fluoridein MTBE (1063 μL, 0.213 mmol), followed by addition of KHCO₃ (3.0 M in water, 218 μL, 0.654 mmol). The resulting suspension was stirred at rt for ˜30 min. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat NaHCO₃, water, brine, dried and concentrated to provide the crude azide compound 9-1 (82 mg, 0.150 mmol, 92% yield), which was directly used in the next step. LC-MS, ES⁻ (m z): 544.1 [M−H].

Step 3: To a mixture of potassium carbonate (15.18 mg, 0.110 mmol) and sodium ascorbate (6.10 mg, 0.031 mmol), CuSO₄.5H₂O (3.84 mg, 0.015 mmol) and cyclopropylacetylene (14.89 μl, 0.176 mmol) in water (0.34 mL)/DMF (0.34 mL) was added compound 9-1 (24 mg, 0.044 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 55° C. for 60 min and then cooled to rt.

The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with sat NaHCO₃, water, brine, dried and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 70% EtoAc/cyclohexane) to afford Example 9 (12 mg, 0.02 mmol, 45% yield). LC-MS, ES⁻: 610.19 [M−H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.79 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.23 (dtd, J=24.0, 7.6, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 7.13-6.87 (m, 6H), 5.73 (dd, J=11.1, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 3.12-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.79-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.87 (ddd, J=8.4, 6.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.48 (dd, J=14.3, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 0.87-0.83 (m, 2H), 0.83 (s, 9H), 0.70-0.60 (m, 2H).

Example 10

Step 1. Compound 1-5 (400 mg, 1.192 mmol) and Boc-Freidinger's lactam (394 mg, 1.252 mmol) was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (4.97 mL) and DMF (0.994 mL) at 0° C. At 0° C., 4-methylmorpholine (393 μL, 3.58 mmol) and HATU (499 mg, 1.312 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for ˜30 min and then warmed to rt and stirred for 90 min.

The mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with water and brine. The collected organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromotography (0 to 10% MeOH in DCM) to afford the desired compound 10-1 (600 mg, 1.137 mmol, 95% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS, ES⁺: 528.15 [M+H].

Step 2: To a solution of compound 10-1 (188 mg, 0.356 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (3.56 mL) at 0° C. was added triethylamine (298 μL, 2.138 mmol), followed by addition of TFAA (149 μL, 1.069 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for ˜45 min.

The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 10% aq. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromotography (0-40% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford the desired compound Example 10 (82 mg, 45% yield). LC-MS, ES⁺: 510.12 [M+H].

TABLE 1 The following compounds were made following similar chemistry and procedures described as above. Exam- ple Structure MS NMR 11

586.0 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.71 (s, 1H), 7.30-7 40 (m, 5H), 7.28 (td, J = 7.5, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.06-6.97 (m, 3H), 6.24 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (dd, J = 9.2, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.20-5.00 (m, 3H), 4.48 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.80-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.60 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.61 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.46 (m, 1H), 0.94 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (s, 9H). 12

548.05 [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.73 (s, 1H), 8 08-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.35- 7.19 (m, 1H), 7.12-6.96 (m, 3H), 5.45 (dd.J = 9.5, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.84 (m, 1H), 4.09 (d, J = 10 4 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 2.79-2.60 (m, 2H), 1.79 (ddd, J = 14.6, 9.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (ddd, J = 14.2, 8.6, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 1.56-1.45 (m, 1H), 0.96 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 8H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 13

510.0 [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.72 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.03 (dt, J = 8.5, 6.6 Hz, 3H), 6.02 (d, J = 9 8 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (dd, J = 9.1, 62 Hz, 1H), 5 16 (t, J = 8 5 Hz, 1H), 4 46 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.62 (m, 2H), 181-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.46 (m, 1H), 0.96 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0 88 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (s, 9H). 14

684.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.75 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.30 (m, 6H), 7.14- 7.03 (m, 3H), 6.38 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (dd, J = 8.9, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.22-5.09 (m, 1H), 5.07 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 2H), 4, 57 (td, J = 8 8, 4, 9 Hz, 1H), 3 99 (s, 2H), 3 13 (s, 3H), 2 83 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (qd, J = 13.1, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 1.74 (qdd, J = 14.1, 8.5, 5.7 Hz, 2H), 1.57 (dt, J = 13.7, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (ddd, J = 14.9, 9.0, 6 6 Hz, 1H), 1.01 (dd, J = 23.8, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 0.96 (d, J = 6 5 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.61 (s, 1H), 0.43-0.32 (m, 2H), 0.11 (dd, J = 9.0, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 0.00 (m, 1H). 15

546.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.58 (s, 1H), 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.17 (ddd, J = 7.8, 6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96-6.86 (m, 3H), 5.28 (dd, J = 8.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (t, J = 8 4 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (td, J = 8.4, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.46 (m, 2H), 1.67-1 49 (m, 2H), 1.37 (dq, J = 13.8, 6 8 Hz, 1H), 1.18-1.00 (m, 2H), 0.80 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.74 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.46 (m, 1H), 0.32-0.21 (m, 2H), 0.00 (m, 1H), −0.15 (dd, J = 8.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H). 16

508.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.75 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.13- 7.03 (m, 3H), 6.21 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.50-5.42 (m, 1H), 5.17 (t, J = 8 4 Hz, 1H), 4.59-174 49 (m, 1H), 4.00 (d, J = 14 4 Hz, 2H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.72 (qd, J = 13.2, 8.5 Hz, 2H), 1.72 (dq, J = 14.0, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.57 (dt, J = 13.4, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.27-1.16 (m, 1H), 1.07-0.96 (m, 4H), 0.93 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.60 (s, 1H), 0.39 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 0.09 (s, 1H), 0.00 (m, 1H). 17

572.2 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.62 (s, 1H), 7 89-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.52 (d, J = 8 3 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.17 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.04 (m, 2H), 7.01-6.90 (m, 3H), 5.34 (dd, J = 8.8, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (t, J = 8 4 Hz, 1H), 4 85 (td, J = 8.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 2.71-2.48 (m, 2H), 1.68- 1.51 (m, 2H), 1.44 (dp, J = 13.3, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 1.18 (ddd, J = 15.3, 9.0, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.05-0.89 (m, 1H), 0.82 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.74 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.50 (dq, J = 12.5, 7.3, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 0.30-0.21 (m, 1H), 0.25 (s, 1H), 0.00 (m, 1H), −0.08-−0.18 (m, 1H). 18

612.08 [M + H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.76 (s, 1H), 9.12 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.81 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.61 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.15 (m, 3H), 7.11-6.91 (m, 5H), 5.45 (dd, J = 9.1, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.23-5.14 (m, 1H), 4.09 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.27 (s, 3H), 2.81-2.66 (m, 4H), 1.85-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.48 (m, 1H), 0.90 (dd, J = 27.0, 6.6 Hz, 6H). 19

612.04 [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.74 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (ddd, J = 10.1, 6.2, 3.5 Hz, 3H), 7.10-6.92 (m, 5H), 6.54 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (dd, J = 8.9, 6 3 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (td, J = 8.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.22 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.55 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.67 (m, 2H), 1.54 (dp, J = 13.4, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 0.91 (dd, J = 24.5, 6.6 Hz, 6H). 20

612.15 [M − 1] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.72 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.24 (m, 6H), 7.11- 6.97 (m, 3H), 6.33 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.19- 4.97 (m, 3H), 4.28 (dd, J = 9.4, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.75- 2.62 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.60 (m, 4H), 1.60- 1.46 (m, 4H), 1.30-1.18 (m, 1H), 1.11-0.97 (m, 3H), 0.93 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.69-0.62 (m, 1H). 21

574.14 [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.74 (s, 1H), 8.40 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (ddd, J = 7.8, 5.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.00 (m, 3H), 5.41 (dd, J = 8.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4 62 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (d, J = 10 4 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.60 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.63 (m, 5H), 1.63-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.30 (d, J = 12.6 Hz, 1H), 1.14-1.00 (m, 3H), 0.94 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.70 (qd, J = 12.1, 3.9 Hz, 1H). 22

606.10 [M − H] 23

538.19 [M + l] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.73 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.15- 6.92 (m, 3H), 6.14 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (dd, J = 8.6, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (dd, J = 9.4, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.59 (m, 2H), 1.76- 1.59 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.50 (m, 4H), 1.25-1.22 (m 1H), 1.14-0.87 (m, 4H), 0.92 (dd, J = 21.1, 6.6 Hz, 6H), 0 68- 0.59 (m, 1H). 24

598.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.72 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 6H), 7.08 (dt, J = 22.1, 7.7 Hz, 3H), 6.24 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.47-5.39 (m, 1H), 5.15 (1, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.11-4.98 (m, 2H), 4.35 (td, J = 9.6, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 2.77-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.30 (dt, J = 15.6, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.99-1.46 (m, 9H), 1.32 (ddd, J = 15.8, 10.1, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 1.16 (ddd, J = 13.5, 8.7, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 0.94 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 25

600.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.71 (s, 1H), 7.34-7.26 (m, 6H), 7.05 (dd, J = 17.4, 6.1 Hz, 3H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 5.42 (dd, J = 9.2, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.15-5.06 (m, 2H), 5.03 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (t, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H), 4.05- 3.93 (m, 2H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 2.75- 2.60 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.52 (dt, J = 14.0, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.33 (dd, J = 14.5, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 1.16 (dd, J = 14.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 0.94 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H). 26

562.2 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.72 (s, 1H), 8.49 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (ddd, J = 7.7, 6.3, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.01 (m, 3H), 5.42 (dd, J = 9.5, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.3Hz, 1H), 4.89 (dd, J = 10.6, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.06- 3.95 (m, 2H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.77-2.68 (m, 2H), 1.78 (ddd, J = 14.4, 9.5, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (ddd, J = 14.3, 8.8, 5 8 Hz, 1H), 1.57-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.30 (dd, J = 14.9, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 0.96 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.86 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 27

560.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.75 (s, 1H), 8.30 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (td, J = 7.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.15- 7.03 (m, 3H), 5.43 (dd, J = 8.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (t, , J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.31 (dt, J = 15.6, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.04-1.28 (m, 12H), 0.94 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H) 28

644.3 [M + Na⁺] 29

488.3 [M + H] 30

632.3 [M + H] — 31

596.3 [M + H] — 32

614.2 [M − H] — 33

575.5 [M − H] — 34

587.9 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.73 (s, 1H), 8.06-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (ddd, J = 7.8, 5.9, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.01 (m, 3H), 5.43 (dd, J = 9.1, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.17-5.03 (m, 2H), 4.04 (dd, J = 10.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.60 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.43 (m, 6H), 1.28- 1.19 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.90 (m, 11H), 0.84 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 35

586.2 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.75 (s, 1H), 8.06-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (td, J = 7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.04 (m, 5H), 5.45 (dd, J = 8.5, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (ddd, J = 10.2, 8.4, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 4.04-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.34 (dt, J = 15.2, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.06-1.90 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.37 (m, 9H), 1.33-1.19 (m, 1H), 0.93 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 36

596.3 [M + Na⁺] — 37

554.28 [M − 1] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.69 (s. 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.20 (in. 1H), 7.03-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.19 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (td, J = 8.0, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.73-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.47 (m, 1H), 1.95- 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.60 (dd, J = 14.4, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.53-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.18 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 0.98 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 9H), 0.51-0.44 (m, 1H), 0.16 (dt, J = 8.0.4.3 Hz, 1H). 38

533.41 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.68 (s, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (td, J = 7.7- 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04- 6.95 (in, 2H), 5.79-5.70 (m, 2H), 5.10 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (td, J = 8.0, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (td, J = 12.9, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 2.50 (dd, J = 5.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (dd, J = 14.3, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.47 (td, J = 6.9, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.64 (dt, J = 6.7, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 0.47-0.42 (m, 2H), 0.42-0.36 (m, 1H), 0.07 (dd, J = 9.9, 5.1 Hz, 2H). 39

627.00 [M − l] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.79 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.14 (m, 3H), 7.08 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 2H), 7.04-6.94 (m, 3H), 6.31 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (dd, J = 7.1, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (ddd, J = 10.0, 8.8, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, y = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.68 (m, 2H), 2.63- 2.55 (m, 1H), 2.49-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.54 (dd, J = 14.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 0.93 (s, 9H). 40

587.10 [M − H] — 41

492.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.70 (s, 1H), 7.28 (td, J = 7.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.09-6.99 (m, 3H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 5.40 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (td, J = 8 5, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.88 (m, 2H), 3.06 (s, 3H), 2.75- 2.58 (m, 2H), 1.84 (s, 3H), 1.67 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.50 (dp, J = 13.3, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.16-0.95 (m, 2H), 0.92 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.46 (m, 1H), 0.38-0.22 (m, 2H), 0.00 (m, 1H), −0.08 (dq, J = 9.5, 4.6 Hz, 1H). 42

548.2 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.75 (s, 1H), 7.35 (td, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (td, J = 7.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.10-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.56 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (dd, J = 9.7, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (ddd, J = 10.0, 8.5, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (dd, J = 10.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (d, J = 10.7 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.60 (m, 2H), 2.21 (dq, J = 15.7, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.02-1.69 (m, 4H), 1.65-1.40 (m, 4H), 1.30 (ddd, J = 13.8, 10.1, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (s, 9H), 1.14-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.93 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 3H) 43

550.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.73 (s, 1H), 7.31 (dt, J = 7.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10-7.00 (m, 3H), 6.59 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (dd, J = 10.1, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.87 (ddd, J = 10.2, 8.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.04- 3.93 (m, 2H), 3.06 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.65 (dd, J = 13.2, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 1.81 (ddd, J = 13.9, 10.1, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.32 (dd, J = 14.6, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (s, 9H), 1.12- 1.01 (m, 1H), 0.93 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.85 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3H). 44

522.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.71 (s, 1H), 7.31 (td, J = 7.7, 14 Hz, 1H), 7.11-6.96 (m, 3H), 5.44 (ddd, J = 10.9, 7.5, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 5.14 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (dd, J = 10.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.78-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.69 (ddd, J = 8.4, 6.3, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 1.57-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.33-1.19 (m, 1H), 1.08-0.84 (m, 8H), 0.73 (s, 9H). 45

661.1 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 11.54 (s, 1H), 9.76 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.18- 7.04 (m, 3H), 6.91 (ddd, J = 115, 9.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (s, 1H), 4.05-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.75 (s, 1H), 2.68 (dd, J = 13.1, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (dt, J = 15.9, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.05-1.38 (m, 10H), 1.36-1.24 (m, 1H), 0.92 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H). 46

677.3 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 11.49 (s, 1H), 9.74 (s, 1H), 7.33 (td, J = 7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J = 7.6, 2.2 Hz, 3H), 6.94 (ddd, J = 11.3, 9.5, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (dd, J = 8.3, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (dd, J = 10.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.27 (s, 3H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.77-2.62 (m, 2H), 1.73 (s, 2H), 1.77-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.50 (dd, J = 14.0, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 0.93 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 6H), 0.81 (s, 9H). 47

596.3 [M + Na⁺] — 48

596.3 [M + Na]⁺ — 49

572.3 [M − 1] 50

504.19 [M − 1] — 51

[M + Na⁺] 592.2 — 52

588.28 [M − H] — 53

542.4 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.71 (s, 1H), 7.96 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.29 (td, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.06 (m, 1H), 7.06-6.98 (m, 2H), 5.35 (dd, J = 8.9, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (td, J = 8.1, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.21 (m, 1H), 4.00 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.75-2.61 (m, 2H), 1.97- 1.89 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.58 (dd, J = 14.4, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.74 (ddd, J = 6.4, 4.9, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 0.53-0.45 (m, 1H), 0.40-0.34 (m, 2H), 0.13- 0.07 (m, 1H). 54

646.23 [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.82 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.91-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.34- 7.19 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.10 (m, 3H), 7.03 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.99- 6.91 (m, 2H), 5.90 (dd, J = 11.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (t, J = 6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J = 10.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 3.15 (dd, J = 14.7, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.79-2.64 (m, 3H), 2.06 (dd, J = 14.3, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 1.52 (dd, J = 14.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 0.83 (s, 9H).

Example 55

Step 1: (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid (305 mg, 1.150 mmol) and methyl L-prolinate hydrochloride (209 mg, 1.265 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5.75 mL). DIPEA (531 μL, 2.87 mmol) and HATU (481 mg, 1.265 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, and washed sequentially with 1 M HCl, 5% NaHCO₃, and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residue on silica gel chromatography with 0-100% EtOAc/cyclohexane provided Compound 55-1 (316 mg, 0.839 mmol, 73.0% yield).

Step 2: Compound 55-1 (316 mg, 0.839 mmol) was dissolved in THE (5.60 mL) and water (2.80 mL). At 0° C. lithium hydroxide hydrate (88 mg, 2.099 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 2 hrs, and at rt for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with 1 M HCl (2 mL), and extracted with MTBE. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Compound 55-2 (308 mg, 0.850 mmol, quant. yield).

Step 3: Compound 55-2 (250 mg, 0.690 mmol) and compound 1-5 (231 mg, 0.690 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (5 mL) and DMF (2 mL). 4-Methylmorpholine (283 μL, 2.069 mmol) and HATU (262 mg, 0.690 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 90 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, and washed sequentially with 1 M HCl, 5% NaHCO₃, and brine. The collected organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residue on silica gel chromatography with 0-100% acetone/cyclohexane provided Compound 55-3 (308 mg, 0.535 mmol, 78% yield). LC-MS, ES⁺: 576.3 [M+H].

Step 4: Compound 55-3 (308 mg, 0.535 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (3 mL). At 0° C. triethylamine (447 μL, 3.21 mmol) and TFAA (227 μl, 1.605 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min, and quenched with 5% NaHCO₃. The organic layer was loaded on silica gel and eluted with 0-50% acetone/cyclohexane to afford Example 55 (282 mg, 0.506 mmol, 95% yield). LC-MS, ES+: 580.26 [M+Na⁺]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.67 (s, 1H), 7.51-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.34 (t, J=0.9 Hz, 2H), 7.34-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.08-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.17 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.09 (td, J=9.7, 3.0 Hz, 2H), 5.03-4.93 (m, 1H), 4.63 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (m, 1H), 3.91 (s, 1H), 3.82-3.74 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 1H), 2.19 (s, 1H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.11 (s, 9H).

Example 56

Example 55 (282 mg, 0.506 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (5 mL). 10% Pd—C (26.9 mg, 0.025 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred under hydrogen (balloon) for 1 h. The mixture was filtered through Celite and concentrated in vacuo to afford Example 56 (199 mg, 0.470 mmol, 93% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS, ES⁺: 424.29 [M+H]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.68 (s, 1H), 7.30-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.01-6.86 (m, 2H), 5.07 (dd, J=8.5, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (dd, J=8.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.56 (dt, J=9.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (m, 1H), 2.67-2.57 (m, 1H), 2.47 (dd, J=13.1, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.26-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.00 (dt, J=12.7, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.81 (dtd, J=33.8, 12.2, 6.7 Hz, 2H), 0.95 (s, 9H).

Example 57

Example 56 (20 mg, 0.047 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (0.472 mL). Hunig's base (24.74 μL, 0.142 mmol) and benzenesulfonyl chloride (7.25 μL, 0.057 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min, quenched with 5% NaHCO₃, and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was loaded on silica gel and eluted with 0-50% acetone/cyclohexane to afford Example 57 (24 mg, 0.043 mmol, 90% yield). LC-MS, ES⁺: 586.23 [M+Na⁺].

Example 58

Example 56 (20 mg, 0.047 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (0.472 mL). Hunig's base (24.74 μL, 0.142 mmol) and 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride (6.70 μL, 0.057 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min, quenched with 5% NaHCO₃, and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was loaded on silica gel and eluted with 0-50% acetone/cyclohexane to afford Example 58 (22 mg, 0.040 mmol, 85% yield). LC-MS, ES⁺: 568.24 [M+Na].

Example 59

Example 56 (20 mg, 0.047 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (0.472 mL). Hunig's base (24.74 μL, 0.142 mmol) and a 1.0 M solution of isopropyl carbonochloridate in toluene (56.7 μL, 0.057 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min, quenched with 5% NaHCO₃, and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was loaded on silica gel and eluted with 0-50% acetone/cyclohexane to afford Example 59 (22 mg, 0.043 mmol, 91% yield). LC-MS, ES⁺: 532.25 [M+Na].

Example 60

Example 56 (22 mg, 0.052 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (0.519 mL). (Isocyanatomethyl)benzene (7.70 μL, 0.062 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 20 min, loaded on silica gel, and eluted with 0-50% acetone/cyclohexane to afford Example 60 (28 mg, 0.050 mmol, 97% yield). LC-MS, ES⁺: 579.27 [M+Na⁺].

Example 61

Example 56 (22 mg, 0.052 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (0.519 mL). 2,4,5-Trifluorobenzaldehyde (8.91 μL, 0.078 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. Sodium cyanoborohydride (1 M in THF) (51.9 μL, 0.052 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min, quenched with 5% NaHCO₃, and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was loaded on silica gel and eluted with 0-50% acetone/cyclohexane to afford Example 61 (8.6 mg, 0.015 mmol, 29.2% yield). LC-MS, ES⁺: 568.25 [M+H].

Step 1: To a mixture of compound 1-5 (1.7 g, 5.07 mmol) and (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid (1.367 g, 5.57 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (17 mL) and DMF (3 mL) at 0° C. were added 4-methylmorpholine (1.67 mL, 15.2 mmol) and HATU (2.119 g, 5.57 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for ˜30 min and then at rt for several hours until LC-MS indicated the reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 5% NaHCO₃, water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% MeOH/DCM) to afford the desired compound 62-1 (1.7 g, 3.71 mmol, 73.2% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS, ES+: 456.3 [M+1].

Step 2: compound 62-1 (1.0 g, 2.181 mmol) was added to 4M HCl (10.90 ml, 43.6 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring for 15 min, removed ice bath and stirred at rt for 15 min.

MTBE (60 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting white precipitate was collected via filtration under N₂ and rinsed with MTBE (3×) The collected solid was further dried under high vacuum to provide the desired compound 62-2 (860 mg, 2.15 mmol, 100% yield) as nice solid. LC-MS, ES+: 359.49 [M+H].

Step 3: To a solution of (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)propanoic acid (0.726 g, 2.289 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (0.959 ml, 8.72 mmol) in DCM (18.17 ml) and DMF (3.63 ml) at rt was added HATU (0.912 g, 2.398 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for ˜20 min and then cooled to 0° C. Compound 62-2 (0.86 g, 2.18 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for ˜1 h and then at rt for several hours until LC-MS indicated the reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 5% NaHCO₃, water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% MeOH/DCM) to afford the desired compound 62-3 (958 mg, 1.456 mmol, 66.8% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS, ES⁺: 658.26 [M+1].

Step 4: Compound 62-3 (473 mg, 0.719 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (7.2 mL). At 0° C., triethylamine (501 μL, 3.60 mmol) and TFAA (225 μL, 1.618 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for ˜30 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with sat aq. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 40% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 62 (400 mg, 0.719 mmol, 87% yield). LC-MS, ES−: 638.44 [M−H].

Example 63

Step 1: Example 62 (372 mg, 0.581 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (7.27 ml). 10% Pd—C (30.9 mg, 0.029 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred under H2 (balloon) for 90 min.

The mixture was filtered through celite, and concentrated in vacuo to provide compound 63-1 (280 mg, 0.554 mmol, 95% yield) as a solid. LC-MS, ES−: 504.5 [M−H].

Step 2: compound 63-1 (30 mg, 0.059 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (0.2 mL) and ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate (0.2 mL, 1.661 mmol) at rt. Hunig's base (46.6 μL, 0.267 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 hrs, and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 40% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 63 (22 mg, 0.059 mmol, 62% yield). LC-MS, ES−: 600.4 [M−H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.78 (s, 1H), 8.34 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.25 (td, J=7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.03 (m, 3H), 7.02-6.94 (m, 2H), 5.18 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (dtd, J=12.7, 8.7, 8.2, 4.4 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.16 (dd, J=14.2, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.91-2.88 (m, 1H), 2.75-2.69 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.64 (dd, J=14.4, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 0.99 (s, 9H).

Example 133

Steps 1 and 2: Compound 1-2 was prepared following literature reported procedures, such as described in J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 9069.

Step 3: To a clear solution of the compound 1-2 (45.0 g, 136 mmol) in THE (720 mL) in a three neck 2000 mL flask at 0° C. was added water (90 mL) in one portion. Acetic acid (54.6 mL, 953 mmol) was added at 0° C. The cloudy mixture was cooled to −30° C. A solution of NBS (24.24 g, 136 mmol) in THF/H₂O (8/1, 207 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min while maintaining the internal temperature below −30° C. The milky mixture became a yellow cloudy solution and was stirred at −30° C. (internal temperature) for 1.0 h. The cloudy yellow solution was allowed to warm up to −20° C. and poured portion wise into a mixture of potassium carbonate (65.9 g, 477 mmol) in cold water (˜300 mL), saturated NaHCO₃ solution (˜400 mL) and EtOAc (300 mL) with stirring. The mixture was further diluted with EtOAc (500 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (1×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (1×), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford crude product as a light yellow sticky oil (56.0 g). The crude product was dissolved in DCM (60 mL) and filtered through a 330 g silica gel column (MTBE/Cyclohexane) to afford the desired product 1-3 as an off-white foam (48.20 g, 102%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) showed dr 10/1 (1-3a/1-3b).

Step 4: A clear colorless solution of compound 1-3 (48.20 g, 139 mmol, dr 10/1) in 7 N ammonia in MeOH (400 mL) was stirred at 45° C. in a sealed tube for 4 days. The mixture was allowed to cool down and concentrated. The solid was dried under vacuum to afford the desired compound 1-4 as a yellow solid (42.80 g, 93%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) showed dr 10/1 (1-4a/1-4b).

Step 5: To a clear solution of compound 1-4 (42.80 g, 129 mmol, dr 10/1) in DMF (85 mL) at rt was added 4 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (323 mL, 1292 mmol). The resulting clear light yellow solution was stirred at rt for 2.5 h, and concentrated by rotavapor. The resulting clear solution was poured into DCM (1700 mL) with stirring to form a slurry. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration, and rinsed with DCM (×2). The solid was dried under vacuum to afford crude 1-5 as a light yellow solid (35.20 g, 102%).

Recrystallization: 3 g of the above crude compound 1-5 was mixed with DMF (9 mL) and heated to form a near clear solution. Solid started to appear while heating. The mixture was allowed to cool down to rt. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration, and rinsed with DMF (1 mL) and DCM (2×). The solid was dried under vacuum to afford the desired product compound 1-5 as a white solid (2.14 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) showed clean product with ˜0.9 eq DMF, but no minor diastereomer. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.14 (brs, 1H), 10.81 (s, 1H), 9.08 (brs, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (td, J=7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (td, J=7.6, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J=11.2, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (dd, J=12.9, 11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.22 (dd, J=12.9, 11.2 Hz, 1H).

Steps 6-11: Synthesis of Example 133

Step 6: To a mixture of compound 1-5 (5 g, 14.90 mmol) and N-((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-N-methyl-L-leucine (4.29 g, 15.35 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL) and DMF (10 mL) at 0° C. were added 4-methylmorpholine (4.92 mL, 44.7 mmol) and HATU (5.84 g, 15.35 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then at rt for 2-3 hrs. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (100 mL), and washed sequentially with 5% NaHCO₃ (100 mL), water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL). The collected organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% MeOH/DCM) to afford the desired compound 1-6 (5.33 g, 10.82 mmol, 72.6% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS, ES+: 493.14 [M+1].

Step 7: To a solution of compound 1-6 (4.0 g, 7.63 mmol) in MeOH (76 mL) was added 10% Pd—C (0.406 g, 0.382 mmol). The mixture was stirred under H2 balloon for 60 min. The mixture was then filtered through celite, and concentrated in vacuo to provide compound 1-7 (2.7 g, 7.53 mmol, 99% yield), which was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 8: To a mixture of compound 1-7 (1.95 g, 5.44 mmol) and ((benzyloxy)carbonyl)-L-alanine (1.21 g, 5.44 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (22.7 mL) and DMF (4.5 mL) at 0° C. were added 4-methylmorpholine (1.20 mL, 10.88 mmol) and HATU (2.17 g, 5.71 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then at rt for several hours until LC-MS indicated the reaction was completed. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, and washed with 10% NaHCO₃, water, and brine. The collected organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 10% MeOH/DCM) to afford the desired compound 1-8 (2.17 g, 3.85 mmol, 70.8% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS, ES⁻: 562.32 [M−1].

Step 9: To a solution of compound 1-8 ((2.17 g, 3.85 mmol) and triethylamine (2.68 mL, 19.25 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (38.5 mL) at 0° C. was added TFAA (1.23 mL, 8.85 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was then stirred at 0° C. for −30 min until LC-MS indicated the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 10% aq. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 40% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford compound 1-9 (1.84 g, 3.37 mmol, 88% yield). LC-MS, ES⁻: 544.3 [M−H].

Step 10: A mixture of compound 1-9 (1.84 g, 3.37 mmol) and 10% Pd—C (0.269 g, 0.253 mmol) in MeOH (5.63 mL) was stirred under H2 balloon for ˜45 min. The mixture was filtered through celite, and concentrated in vacuo to provide compound 1-10 (1.35 g, 3.28 mmol, 97% yield), which was used directly without further purification. LC-MS, ES⁻: 410.6 [M−1].

Step 11: To a solution of compound 1-10 (45 mg, 0.109 mmol) and triethylamine (45.7 μL, 0.328 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.15 mL) at 0° C. was added TFAA (18.2 μL, 0.131 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for ˜30 min. The reaction mixture was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with 10% aq. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 50% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 1 (12 mg, 0.109 mmol, 21.6% yield). LC-MS, ES: 506.4 [M−H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.73 (s, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 7.28 (ddd, J=7.8, 5.4, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 7.11-6.90 (m, 3H), 5.41 (dd, J=8.6, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (p, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.87 (m, 2H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 2.74-2.59 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.51 (dp, J=13.4, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 0.92 (dd, J=9.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H), 0.87 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H).

Example 135

To a mixture of compound 1-10 (30 mg, 0.073 mmol) and 4-fluorobenzoic acid (11.24 mg, 0.080 mmol) in DCM (0.41 mL) and DMF (0.08 mL) at 0° C. was added 4-methylmorpholine (20.04 μl, 0.182 mmol) followed by HATU (30.5 mg, 0.080 mmol). The mixture was warmed to rt and stirred for several hours until LC-MS showed the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM, washed with 10% NaHCO, H₂O and brine washed with 10% aq. NaHCO₃, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0 to 50% acetone/cyclohexane) to afford Example 135 (11 mg, 0.021 mmol, 28.3% yield). LC-MS, ES−: 532.4 [M−H]. 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.77 (s, 1H), 7.96-7.88 (m, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (ddd, J=7.8, 6.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.00 (m, 3H), 5.45 (dd, J=8.4, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.89-4.78 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.11 (s, 3H), 2.81-2.63 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.50 (m, 1H), 0.94 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J 6.7 Hz, 6H).

TABLE 2 The following examples were prepared employing similar protocols as described above. Example Structure MS NMR 64

600.50 [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz,Acetone-d6) δ 9.77 (s, 1H), 7.24-7.08 (m, 4H), 7.05 (dd, J = 7.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03- 6.94 (m, 3H), 6.88 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.52-5.44 (m, 1H), 5.21 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (ddd, J = 10.5, 9.1, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.10 (dd, J = 10.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.93 (td, J = 8.6, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 2.81 (q, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 2.78-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.36 (dd, J = 14.2, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.21 (dd, J = 14.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.14-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.77 (m, 4H), 1.74- 1.64 (m, 1H), 1.51 (dd, J = 14.2, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 0.93 (s, 9H). 65

602.3  [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.77 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.12 (m, 4H), 7.11-6.95 (m, 5H), 5.49 (dd, J = 6.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (ddd, J = 10.2, 9.1, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.60-4.46 (m, 3H), 4.31 (dd, J = 6.6, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.70 (tt, J = 8.5, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.77-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.12 (dd, J = 14.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (dd, J = 14.2, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 0.93 (s, 9H). 66

622.3  [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.76 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.15-6.99 (m, 6H), 6.97-6.91 (m, 1H), 6.09 (d, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J = 8.1, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (td, J = 10.3, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 2.82-2.66 (m, 3H), 2.38-2.20 (m, 3H), 1.97 (tt, J = 7.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 1.47-1.40 (m, 1H), 0.80-0.65 (m, 4H). 67

586.34 [M − H] 68

631.4  [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.80 (s, 1H), 7.24-7.13 (m, 3H), 7.10-6.98 (m, 4H), 6.95 (dt, J = 7.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 5.76 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J = 7.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (ddd, J = 10.5, 9.0, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (dd, J = 10.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (ddd, J = 5.5, 4.1, 1.6 Hz, 4H), 3.28-3.18 (m, 4H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 2.80-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.32 (dd, J = 14.1, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.25-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.51- 1.45 (m, 1H), 0.94 (s, 9H). 69

601.3  [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 7.10 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (dq, J = 14.1, 7.6, 6.5 Hz, 3H), 6.82 (p, J = 8.8 Hz, 4H), 5.44- 5.32 (m, 2H), 5.27 (dd, J = 10.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (d, J = 10.7 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (d, J = 10.6 Hz, 1H), 3.03-2.92 (m, 3H), 2.92 (s, 3H), 2.66-2.47 (m, 3H), 2.15-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.43 (m, 2H), 1.25 (dd, J = 14.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 0.81 (s, 9H). 70

688.3  [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.76 (s, 1H), 8.80 (s, 1H), 8.04- 7.96 (m, 2H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.43- 7.28 (m, 3H), 7.08-6.94 (m, 3H), 6.44 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (dd, J = 9.3, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (td, J = 9.5, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, J = 10.4, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.76-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.15 (dd, J = 13.3, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 1.20 (ddd, J = 14.4, 9.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 0.90-0.80 (m, 2H), 0.77 (s, 9H), 0.75-0.70 (m, 1H), 0.49-0.32 (m, 2H), 0.15- 0.06 (m, 1H), 0.01 (dq, J = 9.4, 4.7 Hz, 1H). 71

594.75 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.78 (s, 1H), 7.61-7.42 (m, 6H), 7.38 (td, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.15-7.01 (m, 3H), 6.25 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (td, J = 8.3, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.57-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.30 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 2.81-2.73 (m, 2H), 1.93 (dd, J = 14.4, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (dd, J = 14.4, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.63-1.47 (m, 4H), 1.07 (s, 9H), 0.68-0.57 (m, 1H), 0.46-0.38 (m, 1H), 0.38-0.30 (m, 1H), 0.05 (s, 2H). 72

534.5  [M − H] 1H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.75 (s, 1H), 7.30 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12-6.95 (m, 3H), 5.47 (dd, J = 7.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (dd, J = 9.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (ddd, J = 8.8, 7.3, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 4.10-4.02 (m, 1H), 3.93 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 2.74-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.15 (dd, J = 14.1, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (ddd, J = 20.7, 14.6, 5.4 Hz, 2H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.90-0.79 (m, 1H), 0.36 (q, J = 7.9, 6.2 Hz, 2H), 0.32- 0.24 (m, 1H), −0.01 (q, J = 5.2, 3.8 Hz, 2H). 73

547.23 [M − H] 74

601.3  [M − H] 75

560.2  [M − H] 1H NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d6) δ 9.62 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (td, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.97-6.86 (m, 3H), 5.33 (dd, J = 7.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (td, J = 8.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 2H), 3.01 (s, 3H), 2.67 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (dd, J = 13.2, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 2.53 (dd, J = 13.1, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.02 (dd, J = 14.1, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.37 (dd, J = 14.1, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 1.11-0.97 (m, 2H), 0.80 (s, 9H), 0.44 (pd, J = 7.5, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 0.31- 0.20 (m, 2H), −0.01 (m, 1H), −0.16 (dtd, J = 9.9, 5.0, 4.0, 2.6 Hz, 1H). 76

532.4  [M − H] 77

589.4  [M − H] 78

506.3  [M − H] 79

604.30 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.70 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.67-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.56-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.27 (td, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08-6.94 (m, 3H), 5.10 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (td, J = 8.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.58-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.71-2.62 (m, 2H), 1.85 (dd, J = , 14.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.61-1.51 (m, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.71-0.59 (m, 1H), 0.37-0.29 (m, 2H), 0.12-0.06 (m, 1H). 80

534.3  [M − H] ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.73 (s, 1H), 7.29 (td, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.00 (m, 2H), 6.98 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (dd, J = 6.9, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (td, J = 8.7, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (dd, J = 10.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 3.93 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (s, 3H), 2.71 (ddd, J = 13.1, 8.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (dd, J = 13.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.43 (hept, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.16-2.06 (m, 1H), 1.46 (dd, J = 14.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 1.12-1.02 (m, 4H), 1.00 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.98-0.92 (m, 1H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.48-0.39 (m, 1H), 0.29 (ddddd, J = 18.1, 9.1, 7.9, 5.3, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 0.00 (m, 1H), −0.06- −0.14 (m, 1H). 81

542.2  [M − H] ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.71 (s, 1H), 7.28 (td, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.96 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.01 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (dd, J = 8.0, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (td, J = 9.4, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (d, J = 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (dd, J = 10.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (s, 3H), 2.80 (s, 3H), 2.72-2.56 (m, 2H), 2.26 (dd, J = 13.9, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 1.42- 1.35 (m, 1H), 1.17 (ddd, J = 14.7, 9.8, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 0.93 (s, 9H), 0.91- 0.83 (m, 2H), 0.69 (dtt, J = 10.6, 8.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 0.45-0.32 (m, 2H), 0.14-0.06 (m, 1H), 0.02 0.0 (m, 1H). 82

568.3  [M − H] ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.62 (s, 1H), 7.19 (td, J = 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.99-6.88 (m, 2H), 6.88 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (dd, J = 8.4, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.11 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.81 (m, 2H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.54 (dd, J = 13.1, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (tt, J = 7.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (dd, J = 13.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.34- 1.15 (m, 2H), 1.15-1.06 (m, 1H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.87-0.75 (m, 3H), 0.67-0.56 (m, 1H), 0.36-0.23 (m, 2H), 0.05-0.00 (m, 1H), −0.05- −0.15 (m, 1H). 83

577.4  [M − H] ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.70 (s, 1H), 7.28 (td, J = 7.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.06-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (dd, J = 7.5, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (td, J = 8.8, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.98-3.89 (m, 2H), 3.52 (dd, J = 5.5, 4.3 Hz, 4H), 3.29 (td, J = 4.5, 2.5 Hz, 4H), 3.07 (s, 3H), 2.72-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.45-1.38 (m, 1H), 1.10-1.02 (m, 1H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.49 (p, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 0.34- 0.24 (m, 2H), −0.06-−0.14 (m, 1H). 84

563.45 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.68 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (td, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.04-6.94 (m, 2H), 5.88 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (td, J = 8.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.32-4.23 (m, 2H), 4.01- 3.91 (m, 1H), 3.58 (dd, J = 5.6, 4.1 Hz, 4H), 3.39-3.31 (m, 3H), 2.74-2.54 (m, 2H), 1.85 (dd, J = 14.4, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (dd, J = 14.3, 7.9 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.76-0.62 (m, 1H), 0.46-0.28 (m, 2H), 0.12-0.05 (m, 1H). 85

547.4  [M − H] ¹H NMR (500 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.78 (s, 1H), 7.37-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.01 (m, 3H0, 5.73 (s, 1H) 5.56 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J = 7.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.68 (td, J = 8.5, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.05-3.96 (m, 2H), 3.13 (s, 3H), 2.79-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.53- 2.46 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.52-1.44 (m, 1H), 1.24 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 1.14-1.05 (m, 1H), 0.97 (s, 9H), 0.99-0.91 (m, 1H), 0.68- 0.61 (m, 2H), 0.50 (s, 1H), 0.46- 0.38 (m, 2H), 0.38-0.31 (m, 2H), 0.04-0.00 (m, 2H). 86

572.43 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.74 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.43-7.14 (m, 7H), 7.06 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J = 11.1, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.26 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J = 15.3 Hz, 3H), 4.74 (td, J = 7.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J = 9.1, 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.67 (dt, J = 8.5, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 1.87 (dd, J = 14.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (dd, J = 14.3, 7.7 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.90 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 87

573.4  [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.71 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.29 (m, 4H), 7.26- 7.15 (m, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 5.08 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.72-4.60 (m, 1H), 4.32 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (dt, J = 10.4, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (s, 4H), 2.74- 2.57 (m, 2H), 1.85 (dd, J = 14.4, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.60 (dd, J = 14.4, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 0.97 (s, 9H), 0.92 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H). 88

480.08 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.72 (s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (td, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 3H), 7.10-6.92 (m, 6H), 5.10 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.70 (td, J = 8.0, 4.9 Hz, 2H), 4.32-4.19 (m, 3H), 4.00 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 2H), 3.88-3.75 (m, 1H), 2.70-2.62 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.80 (m, 3H), 1.59 (dd, J = 14.3, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 0.95 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 9H), 0.85 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H). 89

480.3  [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (td, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H),7.02- 6.89 (m, 3H), 5.08 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (td, J = 8.0, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.33-4.24 (m, 2H), 3.98 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 3H), 2.71-2.63 (m, 2H), 1.93 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 3H), 1.88-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.58 (dd, J = 14.4, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 0.97 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 9H), 0.89 (dd, J = 6.9, 1.9 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (dd, J = 6.8, 2.0 Hz, 3H). 90

534.4  [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.70 (d, J = 25.7 Hz, 1H), 7.07- 6.94 (m, 4H), 5.12 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.79-4.62 (m, 2H), 4.38 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.75- 2.63 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.28 (m, 1H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.88 (dd, J = 6.8, 1.6 Hz, 3H). 91

534.2  [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.65 (d, J = 46.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (td, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08-6.90 (m, 3H), 5.10 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (dt, J = 8.0, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.74- 2.60 (m, 3H), 2.23 (dt, J = 13.3, 6.6 Hz, 2H), 1.89 (dd, J = 14.4, 4.6 Hz, 2H), 1.61 (dd, J = 14.5, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 0.98 (s, 9H), 0.94 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 92

635.6  [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 11.56 (s, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (td, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.02-6.92 (m, 1H), 6.87 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.79-6.72 (m, 1H), 5.02 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (td, J = 7.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.63-2.51 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.60- 1.40 (m, 1H), 0.84 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 3H), 0.81 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 9H), 0.80 (s, 3H). 93

635.3  [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 11.69 (s, 1H), 7.76 (dd, J = 123.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (tdd, J = 7.9, 5.9, 4.5 Hz, 3H), 6.89-6.80 (m, 1H), 6.76 (td, J = 7.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (t, J = 8.4 1H), 4.76 (dt, J = 7.6, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.63-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.39 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.69-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.22 (h, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (s, 2H), 1.94 (dd, J = 14.3, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.63 (dd, J = 14.3, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 0.99 (s, 3H), 0.98 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 9H), 0.96 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H). 94

584.2  [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.68 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.09- 6.94 (m, 2H), 6.39 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 4.79- 4.61 (m, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J = 15.1, 9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 2.73-2.59 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.47 (m, 2H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.75 (s, 1H), 0.43-0.32 (m, 1H), 0.12 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H). 95

492.23 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (td, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.09-6.94 (m, 3H), 4.73 (td, J = 8.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (td, J = 8.0, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.79-2.77 (m, 3H), 2.75-2.61 (m, 2H), 1.90 (s, 3H), 1.84 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (dd, J = 14.3, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 1.52-1.35 (m, 2H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.76-0.62 (m, 1H), 0.46-0.30 (m, 2H), 0.09 (td, J = 8.9, 8.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H). 96

546.51 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.70 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (td, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.09-6.94 (m, 3H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (ddd, J = 8.0, 6.3, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 4.63-4.52 (m, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.80- 2.76 (m, 3H), 2.75-2.58 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.60 (dtd, J = 20.7, 14.3, 7.7 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.81-0.68 (m, 1H), 0.51-0.33 (m, 2H), 0.21-0.12 (m, 1H), 0.08 (ddd, J = 9.7, 4.8, 3.3 Hz, 1H). 97

572.48 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 8.02-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.67 (dd, J = 20.8, 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.31- 7.15 (m, 3H), 7.10 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.06-6.94 (m, 2H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (td, J = 8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.27 J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 3.99 J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.78 (t, J = 1.1 Hz, 3H), 2.72-2.59 (m, 2H), 1.90- 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.65-1.52 (m, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.83-0.74 (m, 1H), 0.42 (hd, J = 9.1, 4.3 Hz, 2H), 0.17 (dd, J = 9.6, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 0.11- 0.02 (m, 1H). 98

556.35 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.70 (s, 1H), 9.23 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.84 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.44 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (td, J = 7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.06-6.96 (m, 2H), 5.13 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.83-4.71 (m, 2H), 4.29 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.76-2.61 (m, 2H), 1.85 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.75-1.66 (m, 2H), 1.61 (dd, J = 14.3, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.82-0.69 (m, 1H), 0.46- 0.38 (m, 2H), 0.18-0.03 (m, 2H). 99

559.56 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 7.74-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.27 (td, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05-6.97 (m, 2H), 6.46 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.80-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.72-4.61 (m, 1H), 4.27 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 2.69 (qd, J = 13.2, 8.4 Hz, 3H), 2.48 (d, J = 0.9 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 2H), 1.69-1.55 (m, 3H), 0.96 (s, 9H), 0.78 (d, J = 14.9 Hz, 2H), 0.45-0.38 (m, 2H), 0.12 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 0.08 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H). 100

575.21 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J = 24.6, 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (td, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.14-6.93 (m, 3H), 5.10 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (td, J = 8.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (td, J = 8.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.26 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 1.86 (dd, J = 14.3, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (dq, J = 13.7, 7.4, 6.9 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (s, 9H), 0.83-0.66 (m, 1H), 0.49-0.34 (m, 2H), 0.14 (dt, J = 10.8, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 0.07 (dd, J = 8.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H). 101

561.68 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.68 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (td, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05-6.97 (m, 2H), 5.80 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (td, J = 8.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.32-4.22 (m, 2H), 3.97 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 3.44- 3.31 (m, 4H), 2.68 (qd, J = 13.1, 8.3 Hz, 2H), 1.92-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.57 (dd, J = 13.6, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.53- 1.40 (m, 5H), 0.95 (s, 9H), 0.69 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 0.45-0.31 (m, 2H), 0.08 (dt, J = 8.2, 4.4 Hz, 1H). 102

520.25 [M − H] 103

560.35 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.77 (s, 1H), 7.21-7.13 (m, 4H), 7.11-6.93 (m, 5H), 5.49 (dd, J = 7.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (ddd, J = 10.4, 9.0, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J = 10.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (d, J = 10.5 Hz, 1H), 3.14 (s, 3H), 2.77-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.35 (dd, J = 14.2, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.23 (dd, J = 14.2, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.17- 2.09 (m, 1H), 1.72 (s, 3H), 1.49 (dd, J = 14.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 0.94 (s, 9H). 104

610.6  [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.75 (s, 1H), 9.20 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.83 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (ddd, J = 8.0, 5.1, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.06-6.98 (m, 4H), 6.95 (td, J = 7.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (ddd, J = 8.3, 7.3, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (td, J = 8.1, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (dd, J = 14.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (dd, J = 14.1, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.70 (m, 2H), 1.91 (dd, J = 14.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (dd, J = 14.4, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 0.97 (s, 9H). 105

613.4  [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.77 (s, 1H), 8.00 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (ddd, J = 8.5, 5.4, 2.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (td, J = 7.7, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.09-6.87 (m, 5H), 6.41 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (td, J = 8.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (td, J = 8.1, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (d, J = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (dd, J = 14.2, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dd, J = 14.3, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.46 (m, 3H), 1.91 (dd, J = 14.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.65 (dd, J = 14.4, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 0.98 (s, 9H). 106

478.50 [M − H] ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Acetone-d₆) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (td, J = 7.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.10-7.00 (m, 1H), 6.98 (ddd, J = 7.6, 2.5, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 5.11 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (td, J = 7.9, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (d, J = 10.1 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.91 -2.85 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.26 (s, 6H), 1.91 (dd, J = 14.3, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.64-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.25 (ddd, J = 19.1, 9.2, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 0.99 (s, 9H), 0.75-0.60 (m, 1H), 0.42-0.28 (m, 2H), −0.06 (s, 1H). 107

616.3  [M + Na⁺] 108

634.3  [M + Na⁺] 109

667.3  [M + Na⁺] 110

650.3  [M + Na⁺] 111

634.2  [M + Na⁺] 112

587.3  [M + Na⁺] 113

620.2  [M + Na⁺] 114

620.2  [M + Na⁺] 115

608.3  [M + Na⁺] 116

592.2  [M + Na⁺] 117

592.2  [M + Na⁺] 118

636.3  [M + Na⁺] 119

544.2  [M + Na⁺] 120

544.2  [M + Na⁺] 121

550.5  [M − H] 122

548.4  [M − H] 123

678.4  [M − H] 124

599.6  [M − H] 125

703.5  [M − H] 126

661.5  [M − H] 127

666.5  [M − H] 128

520.3  [M − H] 129

466.3  [M − H] 130

494.4  [M − H] 131

680.5  [M − H] 132

492.3  [M − H] 134

547.3  [M − H] Biological Activity SARS-CoV-2 3C-Like (3CL) Protease Fluorescence Assay (FRET):

Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease was expressed and purified. TAMIRA-SITSAVLQSGFRKMK-Dabcyl-OH peptide 3CLpro substrate was synthesized. Black, low volume, round-bottom, 384 well microplates were used. In a typical assay, 0.85 μL of test compound was dissolved in DMSO then incubated with SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease (10 nM) in 10 μL assay buffer (50 mM HEPES [pH 7.5], 1 mM DTT, 0.0100 BSA, 0.01% Triton-X 100) for 30 min at RT. Next, 10 μL of 3CL-protease substrate (40 μM) in assay buffer was added and the assays were monitored continuously for 1 h in an Envision multimode plate reader operating in fluorescence kinetics mode with excitation at 540 nm and emission at 580 nm at RT. No compound (DMSO only) and no enzyme controls were routinely included in each plate. All experiments were run in duplicate. Data Analysis: SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease enzyme activity was measured as initial velocity of the linear phase (RFU/s) and normalized to controlled samples DMSO (10000 activity) and no enzyme (000 activity) to determine percent residual activity at various concentrations of test compounds (0-10 μM). Data were fitted to normalized activity (variable slope) versus concentration fit in GraphPad Prism 7 to determine IC₅₀. All experiments were run in duplicate, and IC₅₀ ranges are reported as follows: A<0.1 μM; B 0.1-1 μM; C>1 μM.

TABLE 3 Summary of Activities Example IC₅₀ (nM) Example IC₅₀ (nM) 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 B 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 A 17 A 18 A 19 A 20 A 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 A 26 A 27 A 28 A 29 A 30 A 31 A 32 A 33 A 34 A 35 A 36 A 37 A 38 A 39 A 40 A 41 A 42 A 43 A 44 A 45 A 46 A 47 A 48 A 49 A 50 B 51 A 52 A 53 A 54 A 55 B 56 C 57 C 58 C 59 C 60 C 61 C 62 A 63 A 64 A 65 A 66 A 67 A 68 A 69 A 70 A 71 A 72 A 73 A 74 A 75 A 76 A 77 A 78 A 79 A 80 A 81 A 82 A 83 A 84 A 85 A 86 A 87 A 88 B 89 B 90 A 91 B 92 A 93 C 94 A 95 A 96 A 97 A 98 A 99 A 100 A 101 A 102 C 103 A 104 A 105 A 106 C 107 A 108 A 109 A 110 A 111 A 112 A 113 A 114 A 115 A 116 A 117 A 118 A 119 A 120 A 121 A 122 A 123 A 124 A 125 A 126 A 127 A 128 A 129 A 130 A 131 A 132 B 133 A 134 A 135 A 229E Assay Protocol

Viral Stock Preparation:

MRC-5 cells, (a diploid cell culture line composed of fibroblasts, originally developed from the lung tissue of a 14-week-old aborted Caucasian male fetus), were used for the culturing of 229E human corona virus (hCoV). Flasks were inoculated with hCoV-229E and viral stocks were collected once cytopathic effect (CPE) was greater than 70%. Viral stocks in Growth Media (EMEM, 1% Penn/Strep, 1% nonessential amino acids, 10% heat-inactivated FBS) plus 5% glycerol were snap frozen using liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. Viral stock titers were quantified by a TCID₅₀ (50% median tissue culture infectious dose) assay, as described elsewhere.

229E Live Virus Assay:

384-well black cell-culture-treated plastic clear-bottom plates are used in this assay. Using an ECHO liquid dispenser, 3-fold serial dilutions of control and test compounds suspended in DMSO are added to the plate wells in duplicate in a total volume of 125 nL per well. MRC-5 cells below passage 17 are seeded into the inner 240 wells of the 384-well plate at 1,500 cells per well in a volume of 12.5 μL using Growth Media. Viral stock is then added to the wells at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.05 in a volume of 12.5 μL per well, bringing the total volume of each well to ˜25 μL. Each plate has a control row of 20 wells with cells plus DMSO and virus but no compound (positive control, max CPE, minimum ATPlite signal), and a row with cells plus DMSO but no compound or virus (negative control, minimum CPE, maximum ATPlite signal), and a row with no cells or virus or compound (background plate/reagent control). The control wells with cells but no virus are given an additional 12.5 μL of growth media containing an equal quantity of glycerol as those wells receiving the viral stock in order to keep consistent in media and volume conditions. The outer 2 rows/columns of wells are filled with 30 μL of moat media (DMEM, 1% Penn/Strep) to act as a thermal and evaporative barrier around the test wells. Following addition of all components, the sides of the plates are gently tapped by hand to promote even cell distribution across the wells. Upon confirmation of cell distribution, plates are incubated at 34° C. in a CO₂ humidity-controlled incubator for 6 days. Following the 6-day incubation period, the plates are read using ATPlite (12.5 μL added per well), which quantifies the amount of ATP (a measure of cell health) present in each well. Assay plates are read using an Envision luminometer. These data are used to calculate the percent cell health per well relative to the negative control wells and the EC₅₀ of each compound is calculated using ExcelFit software and 4-parameter logistical curve fitting analysis.

All experiments were run in duplicate, and EC₅₀ ranges are reported as follows: A<0.1 μM; B 0.1-1 μM; C>1 μM.

TABLE 4 Summary of Activities Example 229E EC₅₀ (nM) Example 229E EC₅₀ (nM) 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 14 A 15 A 16 A 17 A 18 A 19 A 20 A 21 A 22 A 23 B 24 A 25 A 26 A 27 A 28 B 29 B 30 B 31 A 32 A 33 B 34 A 35 A 36 B 37 — 38 — 39 A 40 B 41 A 42 A 43 A 44 B 45 B 46 B 47 A 48 A 49 A 50 C 51 B 52 A 53 — 54 A 55 C 56 C 57 C 58 C 59 C 60 C 61 C 62 C 63 A 64 A 65 A 66 A 67 A 68 A 69 B 70 A 71 — 72 A 73 A 74 A 75 A 76 A 77 B 78 A 79 — 80 A 81 A 82 A 83 A 84 — 85 A 86 B 87 C 88 B 89 B 90 B 91 B 92 B 93 C 94 A 95 — 96 — 97 — 98 — 99 — 100 — 101 — 102 — 103 — 104 — 105 — 106 — 107 B 108 B 109 B 110 B 111 B 112 B 113 A 114 A 115 B 116 — 117 — 118 — 119 — 120 — 121 A 122 A 123 B 124 A 125 — 126 — 127 — 128 A 129 — 130 — 131 — 132 — 133 A 134 A 135 A

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

What is claimed:
 1. A compound represented by Formula (VII-1A),

wherein R₃ and R₂₃ are each independently hydrogen, methyl or CD₃; R₁ and R₂₁ are each independently C₁-C₈-alkyl, arylalkyl or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl-C₁-C₄-alkyl; and R₂₅ is C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-haloalkyl or phenyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆-alkyl and C₁-C₆-haloalkyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is


3. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is


4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is


5. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is


6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 11. A method of treating or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 1. 12. A method of treating or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 2. 13. A method of treating or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 3. 14. A method of treating or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 4. 15. A method of treating or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of claim
 5. 